膝关节单间室骨关节炎行保膝手术适应证的研究进展
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-6948.2025.05.033
吴伟
天津市天津医院关节外科(天津 300202 )
摘要
膝单间室骨关节炎是关节外科的常见疾病,作为保膝手术主要的治疗手段,膝关节周围截骨术和膝关节单髁置换术在临床中都得到了广泛应用,社会效益巨大。膝关节周围截骨术的原理是通过矫正骨骼畸形调整下肢的不良力线优化应力分布;而膝关节单髁置换术是以人工材料重建磨损退变严重的关节表面,改善力线,缓解疼痛。然而二者的手术适应证之间有一定区别,却并没有一个明晰的界限指导临床。本文对单间室骨关节炎的保膝手术适应证原则在基本原则、年龄、体重指数、髌股关节情况等多方面进行综述。
我国中老年人群症状性膝关节骨性关节炎发病率高达8.5%,因人口基数巨大,该疾病的治疗需求同样巨大[1]。膝关节单间室骨关节炎(unicompartmental knee osteoarthritis,UKOA)是膝关节骨关节炎的一个较早期阶段,其特征为退变磨损仅限于膝关节的单一间室,发生在内侧间室的占大多数。膝关节疼痛和运动功能受限是影响UKOA患者生活质量的主要症状[2]。Hamilton等[3]报道:患有重度膝骨关节炎的患者中有30%~50%的患者适宜行保膝手术,这部分患者的关节软骨磨损仅局限于膝关节单一间室,且年龄较轻,日常活动需求较大,应用全膝关节置换术(total knee arthroplasty,TKA)治疗不能更好地满足患者需求,作为重要的保留关节手术方案,膝关节周围截骨术(periarticular knee osteotomy,PKO)和膝关节单髁置换术(UKA)近年来受到了广泛的关注和临床应用[4]。但如何为UKOA患者选择最佳的手术方案,这两种手术方式的适应证有什么异同[5-6],本文对这两种手术方式的适应证选择进行综述。
1 保膝手术适应证的基本原则
1.1 PKO适应证选择的基本原则
PKO的原理是通过矫正骨骼干骺端畸形调整下肢的不良力线,优化膝关节应力分布,达到保护关节软骨,减轻疼痛、改善膝关节功能,并推迟或避免膝关节置换手术的目的[7]。胫骨高位截骨(HTO)术是最常用的膝关节周围截骨术式,适用于胫骨内翻畸形引起的内翻性膝关节骨关节炎[8]。关节外畸形>5°的膝单间室骨关节炎是决定实施PKO的必要条件[9]。临床上测量胫骨关节外畸形的常用参数是胫骨近端内侧角(medial proximal tibia angle,MPTA),其正常范围在85°~90°之间,当MPTA<85°时,认为胫骨干骺端存在明显内翻畸形是进行HTO术的必要条件[10]。另外,一些研究报道了MPTA<87°的单间室骨关节炎,只要整体的下肢力线髋-膝-踝(hip-knee-ankle,HKA)角度超过5°内翻畸形时,仍可以考虑行HTO术[11],但这一观点还需进一步临床研究数据来验证。
1.2 UKA适应证选择的基本原则
UKA是另一种治疗膝单间室骨关节炎的重要方法,是以人工材料重建磨损退变严重的关节表面,恢复发病之前的下肢力线,达到缓解疼痛、保护对侧间室软骨、恢复膝关节功能的目的。手术过程仅涉及单间室磨毁软骨面的去除和重建,对膝关节韧带以及对侧间室软骨完全保留[12]。对于胫骨的骨性内翻畸形不大于5°(MPTA>85°)的内侧间室骨关节炎,实施UKA术是适合的;UKA不能矫正胫骨的固有内翻畸形,如其固有畸形角度过小(MPTA<85°),UKA术后将遗留过大的膝关节内翻畸形,内侧间室压力过大,会降低单髁假体的生存年限[13]
综上,对于UKOA的手术适应证选择,最基本的条件是明确骨关节炎的病因,即膝关节内翻是来源于骨性畸形,还是关节软骨磨损,需要通过分析下肢正位全长X线片来确定,当MPTA超出正常值范围,进行HTO术治疗是合理的[12];当MPTA在正常值范围内,下肢畸型主要因为膝关节单间室的完全磨损,应选择UKA来重建关节面,填充关节内的缺损,恢复下肢原有的力线,进而缓解膝关节疼痛[14-15]
2 影响手术适应证选择的其他因素
2.1 年龄
以往观点认为HTO适用于年龄较轻,活动量较大的的患者,而UKA术适用于较年老的患者[12],近年的研究报道使这一观点有所改变。
2.1.1 年龄对PKO适应证选择的影响
随着年龄的增长,老年患者的膝关节可能会受到多个间室均发生骨关节炎的影响,导致内翻畸形出现,同时对侧间室的压力增加,使得截骨术的失败率更高,因此,对于年龄过大患者不建议行该类手术。Trieb等[16]发现,大于65岁患者组行HTO术的10年生存率为70%,显著低于65岁以下患者组的90%(P=0.046),且年龄每增加1岁,失败率增加7.6%。其他研究对这一观点也持类似意见[17-18]。Yoo等[19]对行HTO的72 215例患者随访8年发现,年轻组(60~69岁)后期进行翻修手术的风险比(hazard ratio,HR)为2.17,95%可信区间(CI)为1.76~2.67,高龄组(70~79岁)后期进行翻修手术的HR为2.89,95%CI为1.81~4.62,表明高龄患者行HTO术后的假体失败率更高。国家骨科医学中心保膝联盟建议HTO治疗膝骨关节炎患者应遵循的年龄标准:男性<65岁,女性<60岁,综合考虑患者的骨质条件、身体状况、运动能力及运动需求等因素,可适当将年龄上限放宽[7]
2.1.2 年龄对UKA适应证选择的影响
年龄对UKA患者适应证选择的限制也随时代不断演化。自上世纪70年代UKA问世,由于初期假体和手术器械设计的原因,UKA的失败率较高,对患者年龄的限制比较严格。1989年,Kozinn等[20]提出UKA的适应证年龄需大于60岁。近年来,由于假体和手术器械的进步,许多文献报到都突破了这一年龄限制,Thompson等[21]对205例患者行UKA治疗,术后随访2年发现,年龄低于60岁组的美国膝关节学会评分(KSS评分)为(93.3±13.0)分,高于60岁组的KSS评分(77.7±20.5)分,差异有统计学意义,其得出结论:低于60岁的UKOA患者行UKA治疗同样可获得满意的治疗效果。Kennedy等[22]将1000例Ⅲ代牛津活动衬垫单髁置换的患者按照年龄分为大于75岁、65~75岁、55~65岁组、小于50岁四组,术后随访5年显示,各组均有满意的膝关节功能,年龄最大组的膝关节功能评分(OKS)最低,各组10年的翻修率与年龄无显著相关性。可见年龄对UKA术的限制也有逐渐放宽的趋势。
2.2 体质量指数(body mass index,BMI)
2.2.1 BMI对PKO适应证选择的影响
BMI与HTO手术效果有明显的相关性,Moritz等[23]将120例行胫骨高位截骨的患者分为3组:1组(BMI<25 kg/m2)、2组(BMI为25~30 kg/m2)和3组(BMI>30 kg/m2),术后随访6年,3组患者的各项临床指标虽都有明显改善,但第3组比另外两组较差,提示肥胖患者行HTO术后的中期随访结果劣于BMI较低患者。国际运动医学协会(ISAKOS)于2004年提出的HTO患者体质量的意见:BMI<30 kg/m2为最佳体质量,BMI为30~40 kg/m2时需谨慎手术,而BMI>40 kg/m2就不应考虑HTO了[24]。另有诸多文献等也有相似的研究结果[25-26]
2.2.2 BMI对UKA适应证选择的影响
早期Kozinn等[20]曾建议接受UKA的患者体质量不能大于82 kg,所以肥胖一度被视为UKA的相对禁忌证,随着活动衬垫单髁假体改进和手术器械的优化,肥胖对于手术适应证的限制已趋于放宽。Woo等[27]将673例内侧UKA患者根据BMI分为<25 kg/m2组,25~29.9 kg/m2组,30~34.9 kg/m2组和≥35 kg/m2组,随访2年后,4组的KSS评分及牛津膝关节评分(OKS)无统计学差异(均P>0.05)。Molloy等[28]对1000例行UKA的患者随访10年,结果认为高BMI不应被认为是UKA的禁忌证。然而对于病理性肥胖(BMI≥40 kg/m2),Tyler等[29]的研究结果为这部分内侧间室骨关节炎的患者应用TKA能够获得更持久的预期效果。所以,BMI对UKA术适应证选择的限制比初期也有明显松动,但对于过度肥胖患者行UKA术仍需谨慎。
2.3 髌股关节状况
2.3.1 髌股关节退变对PKO适应证选择的影响
对于膝关节周围截骨手术,尽管髌股关节存在软骨磨损,术后由此引发的症状却并不常见。Han等[30]对内侧开放撑开的HTO术的患者进行随访,分别于术中和去除内固定手术时(HTO术后18~24个月)进行关节镜检查,发现两个时间点的髌股关节软骨损伤分级无显著变化(P>0.05),手术并未改变髌骨的位置,对髌股关节的影响很小,所以,髌股关节存在磨损也不是截骨手术的禁忌证。
2.3.2 髌股关节退变对UKA适应证选择的影响
20 世纪70年代,膝关节单髁置换术问世的早期髌股关节磨损退变的单间室膝骨关节炎曾经被认为是UKA手术的禁忌证[3],近年来,系列研究结果显示许多程度较轻的术前髌股关节退变不影响UKA的术后效果,故UKA适应证不应严格要求髌股关节一定完好[31-33]。Berger等[34]研究308例行UKA术的患者,其中合并中重度髌股关节骨关节炎组80例,未合并髌股关节骨性关节炎组228例,术后随访关节遗忘评分(FJS-12)分别为(71±29)分和(77±26)分,差异无统计学意义。两组术后4年假体生存率也无统计学差异。当髌股外侧关节面出现完全的软骨磨损和沟槽样改变时,不应考虑行UKA手术[35]
2.4 膝关节韧带功能状况
2.4.1 膝关节韧带功能状况对PKO适应证选择的影响
关节周围截骨手术可以通过有计划的调整撑开高度以及后倾角度,有效促进膝关节韧带的平衡,例如HTO术可以通过内侧撑开,使松弛的内侧副韧带重新获得张力;通过增加后倾来弥补后交叉韧带(PCL)功能不全;通过减少后倾来弥补膝前交叉韧带(ACL)的功能不全[36]
2.4.2 膝关节韧带功能状况对UKA适应证选择的影响
膝关节韧带功能不全显著影响UKA术后膝关节的运动模式,进而提高假体翻修率,所以UKA术的适应证始终要求完好的ACL和内侧副韧带(MCL)功能。随着新的手术器械与假体设计的应用,经典的适应证对这一要求没有松动[37-39]。Aslan等[40]对年轻单间室骨关节炎患者合并ACL缺损的患者同期行前交叉韧带重建术,术后中短期随访结果显示:OKS评分[术前(29±6.1)分,术后(45±3.7)分]及膝关节疼痛评分[术前(76±9)分,术后(91.9±9)分]均是术后高于术前。Kwon等[41]于ACL或PCL缺损的单间室骨关节炎行UKA置换术通过减小或加大胫骨后倾截骨角度来抵消韧带缺损的作用,也取得较满意的治疗效果,推荐手术可以由经验丰富的手术医生进行,这些研究结论仍需进一步大样本长期随访结果来证实。
2.5 关节软骨损伤分级
2.5.1 膝关节软骨损伤分级对PKO适应证选择的影响
对于膝关节截骨手术在一定意义上讲是预防性手术,轻-中度骨关节炎患者是其主要的适应证人群,甚至有研究表明,即使是重度骨关节炎,只要适应证掌握准确,截骨术同样能够获得满意效果[42-43]
2.5.2 膝关节软骨损伤分级对UKA适应证选择的影响
大多数学者UKA术适应证强调受累间室的退变需达到骨对骨的程度,而Kellgren-Lawrence分级为Ⅳ级与Ⅱ~Ⅲ级患者行UKA的疗效常不一致[44]。虽然也有学者认为同全层软骨磨损相比,部分厚度软骨磨损的单间室骨关节炎行单髁置换术也可以获得满意的疗效,但其术后并发症的发生率高于全层软骨磨损的患者[45]。所以部分厚度软骨磨损的膝单间室骨关节炎应谨慎施行UKA术。
3 小结及展望
单间室骨关节炎保膝手术治疗是骨关节炎治疗的重要环节,PKO及UKA是治疗UKOA的主要方案,对手术适应证的精准把握是提高术后满意率及膝关节功能的关键,手术适应证选择的基本原则是明确下肢畸形的主要来源,进而针对性确定手术方案,年龄、体质量,髌股关节情况等因素对手术适应证选择不同程度的影响,仍需未来进一步探索。
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