右美托咪定在产科麻醉中的应用研究进展
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-6948.2025.05.030
赵亓 , 魏玮 , 李倩 , 崔剑 , 于志强
天津市中心妇产科医院,南开大学附属妇产医院(天津 300100 )
基金项目: 天津市卫生健康科技项目(TJWJ2022MS042)
摘要
右美托咪定有抑制交感神经、减少阿片类药物消耗、促进患者康复等优势,已广泛用于全麻、椎管内麻醉、术中镇静及术后镇痛。右美托咪定在外科手术麻醉中的应用是成功的,包括全麻的诱导和维持、椎管内麻醉和神经阻滞的术中辅助镇静。右美托咪定在产科手术中对新生儿无明显不良影响,但要注意低血压、心动过缓及子宫收缩增强等反应的发生。本文就右美托咪定在外科手术尤其是产科手术中应用的有效性及安全性进行综述。
右美托咪定可用于全麻及椎管内麻醉的辅助用药,尤其在产科麻醉中应考虑到产妇和新生儿,其安全性和有效性对手术的成功至关重要。右美托咪定是一种高选择性α2肾上腺素受体(α2-adrenergic receptors,α2-ARs)激动剂,可直接作用于脊髓节前交感神经元,阻断交感神经系统的活动[1-2]。本文主要综述右美托咪定在手术中对产妇和新生儿的影响。
1 右美托咪定在全身麻醉中的应用
1.1 右美托咪定作为辅助镇静药物用于非心脏手术全身麻醉
右美托咪定通过激活位于蓝斑的α2受体来诱导一种类似于自然睡眠的无意识状态,对呼吸系统的影响很小,因此在高危患者如肥胖、困难气道中具有独特的优势。目前其作为辅助镇静药物已广泛应用于全麻诱导和维持。研究显示麻醉诱导前给予单剂量0.5 µg·kg-1右美托咪定,可减少诱导过程中硫喷妥或丙泊酚的需求[3]。在全麻维持阶段,右美托咪定可使七氟醚[4]浓度或丙泊酚[5]剂量减少25%。关于右美托咪定对镇痛药物的影响,Le等[6]做了一项比较成人手术应用右美托咪定与安慰剂的荟萃分析(共纳入18项研究,1225例患者),结果显示右美托咪定可显著降低术中及术后吗啡消耗量,适度降低疼痛强度,并降低术后第1个24 h内的恶心和呕吐发生率。一项仅限于腹部手术的荟萃分析(纳入6项试验,402例患者)显示:术中应用右美托咪定减少了术后“抢救性”阿片类药物的消耗,但术后24 h疼痛评分无统计学差异[7]
关于右美托咪定作为辅助镇静药物应用于全身麻醉时的其他潜在作用,有研究显示诱导前单次静脉给予右美托咪定(0.5 µg·kg-1)可有效抑制接受高血压老年患者气管插管时的血流动力学反应[8]。在给予负荷剂量(1 µg·kg-1)右美托咪定后以0.5µg·kg-1·h-1维持,可降低导尿管相关性膀胱不适的发生率和严重程度[9]。一项关于预防术后恶心呕吐的荟萃分析(纳入24项试验,2046例患者)显示:右美托咪定组术后恶心呕吐发生率明显低于安慰剂组[10]
关于右美托咪定的心脏保护作用、抗炎作用及提高术后睡眠质量等作用尚需进一步研究,并且这些优势必须与其主要缺点进行权衡,例如可能导致低血压及心动过缓,如何在患者特异性与适宜的临床剂量之间做到最佳平衡是需要进一步重点关注及探索的问题。
1.2 右美托咪定作为辅助镇静药物用于剖宫产手术全身麻醉
全身麻醉并非剖宫产手术首选的麻醉方式,但当存在椎管内麻醉禁忌、产妇无法配合以及需要紧急剖宫产等情况时,选择全身麻醉是十分必要的。右美托咪定可作为全麻剖宫产的辅助镇静药物,研究显示诱导前给予单剂量右美托咪定(0.5~1 µg·kg-1),或全麻维持期间以0.4 µg·kg-1·h-1或0.6 µg·kg-1·h-1输注,均可有效减轻手术及插管引起的产妇血流动力学波动和应激反应[11-13],从而抑制儿茶酚胺释放和交感系统兴奋,最终降低术后阿片类药物总消耗量和疼痛视觉模拟评分(visual analogue scale,VAS),产妇心动过缓及低血压反应不明显,且无产妇术中知晓及新生儿不良影响的报道[14-16]
然而,有研究比较了右美托咪定和瑞芬太尼对产妇和新生儿的影响,结果显示,诱导前给予瑞芬太尼或右美托咪定,并在分娩前持续输注,两种药物对产妇平均动脉压、心率、产妇意识和脑电双频指数值均有积极影响,对产妇和新生儿表现出相似的效果及安全性[17-18]。瑞芬太尼对插管和切皮时血流动力学反应的控制优于右美托咪啶[1319-20]。也有研究指出,瑞芬太尼比右美托咪定更容易导致新生儿短暂性呼吸抑制[1721]。可能的原因包括:右美托咪定具有较高的亲脂性,易停留于胎盘组织,进入胎儿循环的量较少;也可能由于右美托咪定的胎盘转移率(0.76%)[22]低于瑞芬太尼(0.88%)[16]。另一项体外研究显示,治疗剂量的右美托咪定可以增强宫缩的频率和幅度,这在分娩前对胎儿不利[23]
综上,右美托咪定用于产科全麻诱导和维持均可抑制血流动力学波动和应激反应,且潜在的低血压和心动过缓等副作用并不明显,可能是维持产科全麻血流动力学稳定的潜在药物。
2 右美托咪定在椎管内麻醉中的应用
2.1 右美托咪定作为局麻药佐剂应用于蛛网膜下腔麻醉
右美托咪定可通过以下机制在蛛网膜下腔麻醉中发挥作用:1)与α2-ARs结合后血管收缩,从而延缓局麻药吸收,延长椎管内镇痛的持续时间[24-25];2)抑制Na+内流,增强局麻药对细胞膜钠通道的阻断作用[26-27];3)与脊髓背角α2-ARs结合,抑制交感神经张力和神经元自发放电频率,进而减少痛觉信号的传递[28-29];4)通过抑制G蛋白介导的初级传入神经元末端和钾通道神经递质的释放,激活脊髓中间神经元,导致脊髓神经元超极化,减少疼痛的传递[30]。因此右美托咪定可作为局麻药佐剂应用于蛛网膜下腔麻醉。
有研究比较了右美托咪定联合局麻药与单独使用局麻药或联合阿片类药物的疗效,结果显示蛛网膜下注射右美托咪定5 µg可使重比重罗哌卡因的半数有效剂量降低约18%,使布比卡因在腰麻中的疗效提高24%~31%[31-33]。右美托咪定与局麻药联合使用与感觉阻滞持续时间的延长、术后镇痛效果的改善、抢救性镇痛药需求的减少和运动阻滞持续时间的延长有关。然而,这种联合治疗可能会增加可逆性心动过缓的发生率[34]
在剖宫产手术蛛网膜下腔麻醉中,右美托咪定联合局麻药发挥了有效的辅助镇痛作用,研究显示鞘内给予5 µg右美托咪定联合局麻药可明显缩短产妇运动和感觉阻滞的起效时间,并显著延长感觉阻滞的持续时间[35-36],降低寒战发生率[37-38],减少剖宫产患者术后抢救镇痛的频率[36]。与鞘内给予阿片类药物相比,给予右美托咪定对血流动力学、Apgar评分或新生儿适应性和能力评分无明显差异[3039-40]。然而目前右美托咪定鞘内给药的临床试验样本量较少,且缺乏大规模随机对照试验的支持,同时,脊髓直接暴露于药物可增加神经炎症或损伤的风险,剂量和效应之间的关系不明确,因此其作为局麻药佐剂应用于蛛网膜下腔麻醉的安全性仍需大样本多中心的循证医学证据指导。
2.2 右美托咪定作为局麻药佐剂应用于硬膜外麻醉
硬膜外麻醉在临床上已广泛应用于下腹和下肢骨科手术,研究显示,右美托咪定作为硬膜外麻醉的局麻药物佐剂,在提供良好辅助镇静镇痛效果的同时,且其副作用比阿片类药物少[41]。在一篇共纳入12项研究(包括660例患者)的荟萃分析结果发现,右美托咪定硬膜外给药可延长镇痛时间,降低抢救镇痛需求的同时获得了更高的镇静评分;虽然右美托咪定组的低血压和心动过缓发生率有所增加,但与对照组相比,低血压和心动过缓的总体风险差异无统计学意义[42]。一项共纳入9项随机对照试验(包括672例患者)的荟萃分析评价了右美托咪定和芬太尼作为罗哌卡因佐剂进行硬膜外麻醉的效果和安全性,结果表明,右美托咪定组的平均感觉阻滞发生时间和最大运动阻滞发生时间显著低于芬太尼组,而右美托咪定组的平均抢救镇痛时间显著增加,右美托咪定组恶心呕吐和寒战发生率显著降低,口干发生率显著升高[43]
在剖宫产手术中,硬膜外给予右美托咪定作为局麻佐剂在术中和术后镇痛中与单纯局麻药或阿片类药物相比,可以有效减轻内脏疼痛,产生更好的镇静作用,且无长时间运动阻滞、过度镇静、低血压、心动过缓等相关不良反应的发生[44-46]。分娩疼痛是大多数女性一生中最痛苦的经历,硬膜外镇痛是缓解分娩疼痛的有效方式。但硬膜外镇痛可出现产妇低血压、尿潴留、运动阻滞、产程延长等不良反应。为降低局麻药的浓度和副作用,可予局麻药联合右美托咪定用于硬膜外分娩镇痛。与单独使用罗哌卡因相比,联合应用右美托咪定可降低分娩疼痛感,尤其在第一产程镇痛效果和持续时间上更胜一筹[47],同时在不增加不良事件发生率的基础上降低产热发生率[48-49]。关于其硬膜外给药的最佳剂量,一般认为0.5 µg·mL-1右美托咪定联合0.1%罗哌卡因可作为适宜配比方案[50]。也有研究认为0.4 µg·mL-1右美托咪定联合0.1%罗哌卡因临床效果最佳,因为当其浓度增加时,镇痛效果并未表现更好[51]。同时一些研究也表明,椎管内应用右美托咪定常与低心率、低血压等一些不良反应相关[52]。尽管多项随机对照研究显示右美托咪定作为局麻佐剂用于椎管内麻醉在产科手术和术后镇痛方面均具有优势,且未发现神经毒性,但由于观察量有限,中国的麻醉学指南或美国食品药品监督管理局仍未批准右美托咪定用于椎管内麻醉。因此关于其有效且安全的联合应用方案仍需进一步探索。
综上,基于现有的临床研究证据,可以确定的是右美托咪定在各类手术麻醉尤其是剖宫产手术全麻、椎管内麻醉中具有一定的优势。它可抑制产妇应激反应,降低儿茶酚胺水平,增强阿片类或局麻药物效果的同时减少不良反应,促进术后康复,且对新生儿无明显不良影响。但仍需多中心、大样本、长期随访的临床研究并关注右美托咪定对低血压、心动过缓及子宫收缩增强的影响。
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