不同剂量环泊酚复合瑞芬太尼在无痛人流中的应用效果研究
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-6948.2025.02.020
张可 , 齐庆岭 , 杨明玉 , 王绍磊
天津中医药大学第一附属医院麻醉科、国家中医针灸临床医学研究中心(天津 300100 )
基金项目: 北京康萌慈善基金会医学科研发展基金项目(S091)
Application of different doses of cyclopofol combined with remifentanil in painless induced abortion
ZHANG Ke , QI Qing-ling , YANG Ming-yu , WANG Shao-lei
Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine,Tianjin( 300100 ), China
摘要
目的:观察不同剂量环泊酚复合瑞芬太尼在无痛人流中的应用效果。方法:选取择期行无痛人流术患者119例,用随机数字表法将患者分为三组:环泊酚0.3 mg/kg组(C1组,n=40)、环泊酚0.4 mg/kg组(C2组,n=40)、环泊酚0.5 mg/kg组(C3组,n=39)。C1组、C2组和C3组分别静脉注射瑞芬太尼1 μg/kg和环泊酚0.3、0.4、0.5 mg/kg。手术过程如果患者出现体动,追加环泊酚0.1 mg/kg。10 min内追加次数≤1次,则为镇静成功。记录镇静成功例数、环泊酚追加例数、麻醉诱导时间、手术时间、苏醒时间。记录麻醉前(T0)、睫毛反射消失时(T1)、手术开始时(T2)、苏醒时(T3)的心率(HR)、平均动脉压(MAP)、血氧饱和度(SpO2)。记录术中出现体动例数、低氧血症、注射痛等不良反应发生情况。结果:与C1组比较,C2组、C3组镇静成功率明显升高,药物追加比例明显降低(P<0.05)。三组的诱导时间未见明显差异(P>0.05)。与C1组比较,C2和C3组苏醒时间较长(P<0.05)。与T0时比较,T1、T2时3组的HR明显减慢、MAP明显降低,C3组的SpO2
Abstract
Objective To observe the effect of different doses of cyclopofol combined with remifentanil in painless abortion. Methods 119 patients, were selected for elective painless abortion. Patients were divided into 3 groups by random number table method: cyclopofol 0.3 mg/kg group (C1 group, n=40), cyclopofol 0.4mg/kg group (C2 group, n=40), and cyclopofol 0.5mg/kg group (C3 group, n=39). Groups C1, C2 and C3 were injected with remifentanil 1 μg/kg and cyclopofol 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5 mg/kg, respectively. If the patient has body movement during surgery, add 0.1 mg/kg of cyclopofol. If no more than one additional time is added within 10 minutes, sedation is successful. The successful rate of sedation, the number of additional cases of cyclopofol, anesthesia induction time, operation time and recovery time were recorded. Heart rate (HR), mean pressure (MAP), and blood oxygen saturation (SpO2) were recorded before anesthesia (T0), when eyelash reflex disappeared (T1), at the beginning of surgery (T2), and at recovery (T3). The incidence of adverse reactions such as body movement, hypoxemia and injection pain were recorded. Results Compared with C1 group, the success rate of sedation in C2 and C3 groups was significantly increased, and the proportion of drug supplementation was significantly decreased (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in induction time among the three groups (P>0.05). Compared with C1 group, the recovery time of C2 and C3 groups was longer (P<0.05). Compared with T0, HR and MAP in T1 and T2 groups decreased significantly, and SpO2 in C3 group decreased significantly (P<0.05). Compared with C3 group, SpO2 in C1 and C2 groups was significantly increased at T1 and T2 (P<0.05). Compared with C1 group, the incidence of body movement in C2 and C3 groups was significantly decreased (P<0.05). Compared with the other two groups, the incidence of hypoxemia in C3 group was higher (P<0.05). Conclusion cyclopofol 0.4 mg/kg combined with remifentanil is safer and more effective, with faster recovery and less incidence of adverse reactions.
目前随着快通道麻醉理念和舒适化医疗理念的普及,无痛诊疗技术被广泛应用于人流手术患者。丙泊酚是目前临床应用最广泛的麻醉药,麻醉诱导迅速、术后苏醒快,但与此同时丙泊酚会产生注射痛,使不少患者在入睡过程中易出现躁动或不适情绪,若单纯加大麻醉剂量后易出现呼吸抑制和循环抑制等不良反应[1]。近几年,我国研制的新型麻醉药物环泊酚比丙泊酚具有呼吸和循环抑制较轻的优点[2],虽在临床中慢慢推广应用,但对于无痛人流手术中的用药剂量和麻醉效果尚不明确。本研究通过比较不同剂量的环泊酚在无痛人流术中的应用效果,探讨合理剂量,为临床应用提供参考。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料
选取2023年7月—2024年2月在我院行择期无痛人流术的患者120例,年龄18~45岁,体质指数(BMI)18~30 kg/m2,美国麻醉师协会(ASA)分级为Ⅰ或Ⅱ级。排除既往对环泊酚过敏、合并精神疾病、肝肾功能障碍、滥用药史、严重心肺系统疾病。将患者采用随机数字表法均分为三组,其中1例患者因给药血管药液外渗排除,最终纳入119例:C1组40例,C2组40例,C3组39例。三组一般资料比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),见表1。本研究已获本院伦理委员会批准(TYLL2021[K]字050),患者及家属均签署知情同意书。
1三组患者一般资料比较
1.2 麻醉方法
所有患者麻醉前禁食6 h,禁饮4 h。入室后予以心电和血氧监护,以5 L/min氧流量面罩吸氧。静脉输乳酸钠林格液,C1、C2、C3组分别静脉注射瑞芬太尼1µg/kg+环泊酚0.3 mg/kg、0.4 mg/kg、0.5 mg/kg,维持注射时间为30 s。患者睫毛反射消失后开始手术,手术过程中若发生体动,则C1、C2和C3组追加环泊酚0.1 mg/kg。若手术过程中患者出现心率(HR)<50次/min,则静注阿托品0.5 mg,若收缩压(SBP)<90 mmHg或下降幅度超过基础值20%时,静注麻黄碱6 mg,血氧饱和度(SpO2)<90%时行托下颌改善气道梗阻情况或面罩辅助通气处理。
1.3 观察指标
记录麻醉诱导时间(从静脉注射麻醉药物至患者睫毛反射消失)、手术时间、苏醒时间(停药至呼之能应的时间);记录麻醉前即刻(T0)、睫毛反射消失时(T1)、手术开始时(T2)、苏醒时(T3)的HR、平均动脉压(MAP)、SpO2;记录镇静成功例数、环泊酚追加例数;记录术中体动、低氧血症、注射痛等不良反应发生情况。
1.4 统计学方法
采用SPSS 23.0软件进行统计学分析。正态分布计量资料以均数±标准差表示,多组比较采用单因素和重复测量的方差分析。计数资料比较采用χ2检验。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 三组患者镇静成功率、环泊酚追加比率、诱导时间、手术时间和苏醒时间比较
与C1组比较,C2组、C3组镇静成功率高,环泊酚追加比率明显降低,苏醒时间明显延长(P<0.05);C2和C3组间的镇静成功率、环泊酚追加比率、苏醒时间无明显差异(P>0.05)。三组的诱导时间、手术时间无统计学差异(P>0.05),见表2
2.2 三组患者不同时点HR、MAP、SpO2比较
与T0时比较,T1、T2时三组的HR明显减慢、MAP明显降低,C3组的SpO2明显降低(P<0.05)。与C3组比较,T1、T2时C1组、C2组的SpO2明显升高(P<0.05),见表3
2.3 三组患者不良反应发生率比较
与C1组比较,C2组、C3组的体动发生率明显降低(P<0.05)。三组均无注射痛发生(P>0.05)。与C3组比较,C1组、C2组低氧血症发生率明显降低(P<0.05),见表4
2三组患者镇静成功率、环泊酚追加比率、诱导时间、手术时间和苏醒时间比较
注:a与C1组比较,P<0.05
3三组患者不同时点HR、MAP、SpO2比较
注:a与T0时比较,P<0.05;b与C3组比较,P<0.05
4三组患者不良反应的比较
注:a与C1组比较,P<0.05; b与C3组比较,P<0.05
3 讨论
无痛人流术是采用静脉麻醉的方式使妊娠女性安静入睡,并且在完全无知觉的情况下进行清宫手术[3]。对于此类短小手术通常采用非插管全麻的方式,既要满足镇静镇痛的要求,又要保证患者的呼吸和循环稳定。环泊酚作为新型的短效静脉麻醉药,对呼吸系统抑制小,具有效价强度高、起效快、苏醒快、低蓄积等优势,满足良好的镇静条件[4-5],但其镇痛效果欠佳,需同时联合镇痛药物。本研究选取瑞芬太尼,属于芬太尼类阿片受体激动剂,作用时间短、体内无蓄积、停药后迅速恢复,尤其适用于门诊短小手术的麻醉[6]
在澳大利亚1a期和1b期试验中,受试者耐受环丙酚的剂量范围为0.128~0.81 mg/kg,受试者在接受0.128 mg/kg、0.192 mg/kg和≥0.288 mg/kg后达到镇静成功的比例分别为20%、40%和≥70%[7]。有研究表明胃肠镜检查中推荐环泊酚起始用量为0.4 mg/kg[2]。也有一项评估单次静脉注射环泊酚在短时间行全身麻醉诱导的耐受性的I期临床实验,给药剂量范围在0.4~0.9mg/kg时,患者耐受性良好,安全范围较宽[8]。在II期试验中,0.2~0.5 mg/kg环泊酚在结肠镜检查中提供镇静的成功率为100%,所有剂量均安全且耐受性良好[9]。也有研究表明,在胃肠镜中使用0.2 mg/kg或0.3 mg/kg麻醉效果满意且能显著降低呼吸抑制和低血压的发生率[10]。目前有关环泊酚复合瑞芬太尼用于无痛人流手术中的合理剂量尚未见报道,本研究旨在探究环泊酚复合瑞芬太尼用于无痛人流手术中的合理剂量。本研究选取无痛人流手术患者,手术刺激强度较胃肠镜检查刺激强度大,故本研究采用环泊酚0.3、0.4、0.5 mg/kg共3个不同剂量进行比较。在此基础上复合使用小剂量瑞芬太尼1 µg/kg辅助镇痛,因本研究主要观察环泊酚的安全用药剂量,而瑞芬太尼会产生呼吸和循环抑制等不良反应[11],为避免这一因素干扰,在设计上不予追加瑞芬太尼用量。
本研究结果显示,静脉注射环泊酚0.4 mg、0.5 mg/kg可全部成功镇静,0.3 mg/kg环泊酚的镇静成功率相对较低,尽管复合小剂量瑞芬太尼,但仍有不成功镇静患者,与之前临床研究得推荐剂量[2]相符。有研究发现静脉注射环泊酚可导致平均压下降、心率减慢[8],本研究结果与其结果相同。
与其他两组相比,环泊酚0.5 mg/kg可导致SpO2明显降低,低氧血症的发生率亦增加,在使用大剂量环泊酚时需注意监测患者的呼吸。Luo等[12]的研究结果显示,呼吸系统相关不良事件(呼吸抑制、呼吸暂停和低氧血症)发生率与丙泊酚无差异。本研究发现,注射环泊酚不会引起任何受试者的疼痛,这使得患者诱导过程中不良体验感大大降低。这与Wang等[13]的研究结果相符,患者单次注射环泊酚后出现注射痛的概率较低。Cheng等[14]的研究表明,环泊酚用于妇科手术中不仅具有安全性和有效性,同时减轻了患者的注射疼痛。
综上所述,无痛人流手术中,静脉注射0.4 mg/kg环泊酚复合瑞芬太尼更安全有效,患者苏醒快且不良反应少,可为临床应用提高新的参考。
1三组患者一般资料比较
2三组患者镇静成功率、环泊酚追加比率、诱导时间、手术时间和苏醒时间比较
3三组患者不同时点HR、MAP、SpO2比较
4三组患者不良反应的比较
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