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通讯作者:

李彩霞,E-mail: licaixia2013@163.com

中图分类号:R966;R735.1

文献标识码:A

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1007-6948.2024.04.025

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参考文献 10
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参考文献 11
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参考文献 14
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参考文献 15
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参考文献 19
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参考文献 23
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目录contents

    摘要

    目的:探究没食子酸(GA)和顺铂(DDP)是否能对食管癌细胞产生协同抗肿瘤作用。方法:将人食管癌细胞株KYSE150细胞接种于裸鼠左侧肋腹皮下,建立KYSE150细胞荷瘤裸鼠模型,待肿瘤生长至直径约5~7 mm时,将裸鼠随机分为对照组、GA组、DDP组及联合组。分别于干预后1、2、3、4周给各组裸鼠称重并测定各组肿瘤体积,计算肿瘤抑制率。干预后4周处死裸鼠,取肿瘤组织及血清。采用RT-qPCR、Western blot和ELISA法检测环氧化酶(COX)-2及其衍生物前列腺素E2(PGE2)的表达水平。体外研究方面,分别用GA、DDP及联合组处理食管癌细胞系EC9706和KYSE150,用MTT实验检测细胞活力变化;用RT-qPCR、Western blot和ELISA法分别检测COX-2及PGE2的表达。结果:与对照组相比,各给药组体重在喂养过程中都在增加,但无统计学差异。GA组、DDP组和联合组肿瘤体积均比对照组显著减小,且三组显著降低食管癌组织中COX-2 mRNA及蛋白的表达及血清中PGE2的含量(P<0.05)。与GA和DDP单独使用相比,联合用药抑瘤效果更好(P<0.05)。GA组、DDP组和联合组均能显著降低食管癌细胞的增殖、COX-2 mRNA及蛋白表达以及PGE2含量(P<0.05)。与GA和DDP单独使用相比,联合用药抑制作用更明显(P<0.05)。结论:GA联合DDP在体内外均具有协同抗食管癌的活性,且可能成为一个非常有前景的食管癌临床治疗策略。

    Abstract

    Objective This study aimed to understand whether (Gallic acid, GA) and DDP could generate a synergistic antitumor effect on ESCC cells. Methods Human esophageal carcinoma cell KYSE150 cells were subcutaneously injected into the mice. When the tumor grew to about 5-7 mm in diameter, the nude mice were randomly divided into control group, GA group, DDP group and combined group. The body weight and tumor volume were measured once a week. Nude mice were sacrificed 4 weeks after injection,and the tumor tissues and serum were collected. The expression of COX-2 and its derivative PGE2 were detected by RT-qPCR, Western blot and ELISA. In vitro, esophageal cancer cell lines EC9706 and KYSE150 were treated with GA, DDP and the combined group for 24 h and 48 h. Cell viability were detected by MTT assay; The expression of COX-2 and PGE2 were detected by RT-qPCR, Western blot and ELISA. Results Compared with the control group, the body weight of each treatment group was increased during feeding, but there was no significantly difference. The tumor volume of GA group, DDP group and combined group were all significantly lower than that of control group, and the expression of COX-2 in esophageal cancer tissues and the content of PGE2 in serum were significantly decreased (P<0.05). Among these, the combination induced the most significant difference compared to the GA or DDP alone (P<0.05). In vitro, GA and DDP are demonstrated to restrain ESCC cell proliferation in a time- and dose-dependent mode. GA and DDP could significantly reduce the expression of COX-2 and the content of PGE2 in the supernatant (P<0.05). The inhibition was more pronounced in the combined group compared to the GA or DDP alone (P<0.05). Conclusion GA combined with DDP has synergistic activity against esophageal cancer in vitro and in vivo, and may become a very promising clinical treatment strategy for esophageal cancer.

  • 食管癌是一种常见的胃肠道恶性肿瘤,预后差,病死率高。值得关注的是,我国食管癌的发病率和死亡率居世界首位。作为中国食管癌的主要类型,食管鳞状细胞癌(ESCC)的5年生存率<19%[1]。目前,ESCC的临床治疗方法是手术联合放化疗。化疗是ESCC的关键治疗方法,已被证明能提供特定的治疗效果[2]。以顺铂(DDP)为基础的化疗是ESCC的标准一线治疗[3]。中医药在癌症的辅助治疗中起着很大的作用。一些中药提取物已被证明能抑制食管癌的细胞生长和转移[4-5]。没食子酸(gallic acid,GA),又称五倍子酸,化学名称为三羟基苯甲酸,主要来源于五倍子、山茱萸、石榴、掌叶大黄、牡丹皮等中草药植物,是化学结构最简单的天然多酚类化合物。研究表明,GA具有广泛的抗癌作用,包括结直肠癌[6]、肺癌[7]、乳腺癌[8]、子宫内膜癌[9]等。本课题组前期研究显示,GA能明显抑制食管癌细胞生长、迁移和侵袭,促进食管癌细胞凋亡和周期阻滞[10-11]。环氧化酶(cyclooxygenase,COX)又称为环氧合酶、前列腺素内氧化酶还原酶。COX包括2个亚型,COX-1和COX-2。COX-2的过表达与各种肿瘤类型(包括ESCC)的发病机制、疾病进展和低生存率有关[12]。此外,研究表明COX-2衍生的前列腺素E2(PGE2)是促进食管癌发展的潜在产物之一[13]。因此,抑制COX-2的过表达可抑制食管癌细胞增殖、侵袭转移,促进细胞凋亡[14]等。本研究拟通过体内构建裸鼠食管癌模型,体外利用人食管癌细胞系EC9706和KYSE150,探究GA与DDP联合使用是否在抗食管癌活性方面发挥协同效应,并阐明其潜在的分子机制。

  • 1 材料与方法

  • 1.1 实验动物

  • 雄性SPF级雄性裸鼠24只,6周龄,体质量18~22 g,购自斯贝福(北京)生物技术有限公司,饲养室温19~24℃,相对湿度30%~70%,每笼6只。

  • 1.2 实验分组及处理

  • 将人食管癌细胞株KYSE150培养至对数生长期后,加入25%胰酶消化后,使用离心机进行离心,使用磷酸缓冲盐溶液制作成细胞悬液,细胞浓度为2.5×107/mL。对裸鼠左腋部进行消毒,使用带6号针头的注射器抽取0.2 mL细胞悬液给予裸鼠皮下注射,注射后定期观察肿瘤生长情况,当所有裸鼠肿瘤直径达到5 mm时,将24只裸鼠随机分为对照组(Control)、没食子酸组(GA)、顺铂组(DDP)、联合组(GA+DDP),每组各6只。GA的体内实验剂量参考先前研究[15]。Control组:给予裸鼠腹腔注射生理盐水,0.2 mL/只,每2天注射1次,连续用药2周;GA组:给予裸鼠腹腔注射GA,剂量为300 mg/kg,每2天注射1次,连续用药2周;DDP组:每次取浓度为0.1 mg/mL的现配顺铂溶液,分别于成模后24 h、48 h腹腔注射1次,0.2 mL/只。共给药2次;GA+DDP组:于成模后24 h、48 h于腹腔注射顺铂(1 mg/kg,共给药2次)的同时,给予裸鼠腹腔注射GA(300 mg/kg),每2天注射1次,连续用药2周。

  • 1.3 裸鼠一般指标观察与测量

  • 定期观察各组裸鼠的精神、饮食及排便等一般情况。每周测量一次裸鼠体重及其肿瘤大小,根据公式肿瘤体积=长径×短径2/2,估算肿瘤体积。裸鼠处死后,取血置于EP管中,静置4 h后,以3000 r/min离心10 min后,取上层血清至新的EP管中,-80℃保存;肿瘤组织称量大小并拍照,-80℃保存。

  • 1.4 实验试剂

  • 没食子酸标准品(sigma,批号:G7384),顺铂(齐鲁制药厂,批号:5120382DB)。胎牛血清(Biological Industres,批号:04-001-1ACS)、RPMI-1640培养基(Gibco,批号:72400047)、MTT噻唑蓝(索莱宝,批号:298-93-1),Trizol(Takara,批号:9109),逆转录试剂盒(Takara,批号:RR037A),Real-time PCR试剂盒(Promega,批号:A6601),引物(上海生工),RIPA细胞裂解液(索莱宝,批号:R0010)和BCA蛋白定量试剂盒(Thermo,批号:VA829349)、一抗兔抗人COX-2(CST,批号:12282S)和兔抗人GAPDH(Proteintech,批号:60004-1-Ig),电化学发光(electro-chemi-luminescence,ECL)试剂盒(Affinity,批号:KF003)和PGE2检测试剂盒(R&D,批号:KGE004B)。

  • 1.5 细胞培养

  • 食管癌细胞株EC9706及KYSE150均由天津市医科大学总医院肺癌研究所惠赠。采用含10%胎牛血清及1%青链霉素的RPMI-1640培养基进行细胞培养。GA体外实验剂量参考先前研究[10]。分为以下4组:对照组、20 μg/mL GA处理组、1.25 μg/mL DDP处理组、20 μg/mL GA+1.25 μg/mL DDP联合用药组。

  • 1.6 细胞活力检测

  • 取对数期生长的EC9706和KYSE150细胞,以1×106/mL、100 µL/孔的密度接种于96孔板中,培养24 h后,弃去培养基,分别加入不同浓度的GA:2.5、5、10、20、40、60、80、100 μg/mL;DDP: 0.3125、0.625、1.25、2.5、5、10 μg/mL,各分别作用24 h和48 h后,每孔加入5 mg/mL MTT溶液 10 μL,37℃继续培养4 h,吸取上清,每孔加入150 μL DMSO,轻轻振荡,用酶标仪于570 nm处检测各孔的光密度(OD)值,计算抑制率及半抑制浓度(IC50)值。

  • GA和DDP联合用药,单独顺铂0.625 μg/mL,单独GA不同浓度:10、15、20 μg/mL作用48 h,联合用药组(0.625 μg/mL DDP先作用24 h后,再加入不同浓度的GA 10,15,20 μg/mL作用24 h)。加入MTT,检测同前,计算抑制率。

  • 1.7 实时荧光定量PCR(RT-PCR)

  • 裸鼠肿瘤组织及细胞,加入1mL Trizol,提取总RNA。取1 μg总RNA进行逆转录成cDNA,以cDNA为模板进行RT-PCR检测COX-2 mRNA表达。引物序列如下:GAPDH,上游引物:5′-TGAAGGTCGGAGTCAACGGATTTGGT-3′,下游引物:5′-CATGTGGGCCATGAGGTCCACCAC-3′;COX-2,上游引物:5′-ATTTGATTGACAGTCCACC-3′,下游引物:5′-TACATCATC AGACCAGGCA-3′。

  • 1.8 蛋白印记法(Western blot)

  • 自裸鼠肿瘤组织提取蛋白质,BCA试剂盒测定蛋白浓度。取80 μg(肿瘤组织)或15 μg(细胞)总蛋白进行SDS-PAGE电泳,转膜后5%脱脂牛奶室温封闭2 h,分别加入一抗COX-2(1︰1000)、GAPDH(1︰30 000)于4℃过夜。TBST洗膜5次后,加入辣根过氧化物酶标记的二抗羊抗小鼠或兔(1︰50 000),室温孵育2 h,再用TBST洗膜5次后进行ECL显色。随后使用BIO-RAD成像仪曝光,计算条带灰度值,蛋白相对表达量=目的条带灰度值/GAPDH条带灰度值×100%。

  • 1.9 酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)

  • 按照试剂盒说明书用ELISA试剂盒检测裸鼠血清及细胞上清中的PGE2含量。

  • 1.10 统计学处理

  • 应用SPSS 19.0软件进行统计分析数据。计量资料以均数±标准差(x-±s)表示,多组比较采用单因素方差分析,进一步两两比较采用LSD-t检验。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

  • 2 结果

  • 2.1 GA及与DDP联合对裸鼠食管肿瘤生长的影响

  • 四组裸鼠在喂养过程中,精神、饮食及排便均比较正常,体重在喂养过程也在增加,DDP组和联合组体重增加较多,其次为GA组,但与对照组相比,均无统计学差异(图1A)。与对照组相比,GA组、DDP组及GA+DDP联合组均显著抑制裸鼠肿瘤的生长和肿瘤大小(P<0.05)。与单独DDP组相比,GA+DDP联合组裸鼠肿瘤的体积和重量也显著减少(P<0.05,见图1B、1C和1D)。

  • 图1 GA及与DDP联合对裸鼠食管肿瘤生长的影响

  • 2.2 GA及DDP联合对裸鼠肿瘤组织中COX-2 mRNA及蛋白表达以及血清中PGE2含量的影响

  • RT-qPCR 检测结果显示,与对照组相比,GA组、DDP组及GA+DDP联合组均显著抑制裸鼠肿瘤组织中COX-2的mRNA的表达(P<0.05,见图2A)。且与单独DDP组相比,GA+DDP联合组中COX-2的mRNA表达显著降低(P<0.05,见图2A)。Western blot检测结果显示,与对照组相比,GA组、DDP组及GA+DDP联合组均显著抑制裸鼠肿瘤组织中COX-2蛋白的表达(P<0.05,见图2B、2C)。且与单独DDP组相比,GA+DDP联合组中COX-2蛋白表达显著降低(P<0.05,见图2B、2C)。ELISA检测结果显示,对照组相比,GA组、DDP组及GA+DDP联合组均显著抑制裸鼠血清中PGE2的含量(P<0.05,见图2D)。且与单独DDP组相比,GA+DDP联合组中PGE2的含量显著降低(P<0.05,见图2D)。

  • 图2 GA与DDP联合对裸鼠肿瘤组织COX-2 mRNA及蛋白表达以及血清中PGE2含量的影响

  • 2.3 GA及DDP联合对食管癌细胞活力的影响

  • MTT结果表明,不同浓度GA和DDP对食管癌EC9706和KYSE150细胞均有明显的抑制作用和量效关系,呈浓度剂量和时间依赖性(见图3)。GA对食管癌EC9706细胞处理24 h和48 h的IC50分别为24.93 μg/mL和16.27 μg/mL;GA对食管癌KYSE150细胞处理24 h和48 h的IC50分别为23.65 μg/mL和15.69 μg/mL;DDP对食管癌EC9706细胞处理24 h和48 h的IC50分别为和1.51 μg/mL和1.04 μg/mL;DDP对食管癌KYSE150细胞处理24 h和48 h的IC50分别为4.432 μg/mL和1.332 μg/mL。因此,KYSE150对GA更加敏感,而DDP对KYSE150则不如EC9706敏感。为观察GA与DDP联合是否具有协同抗肿瘤作用,本研究选择了KYSE150细胞。MTT结果表明,与单独DDP处理组相比,15 μg/mL和20 μg/mL的GA与DDP联合应用,对细胞活力的抑制作用均显著提高,且呈剂量依赖性(见表1)。

  • 图3 GA及DDP分别对食管癌细胞EC9706及KYSE150细胞活力的影响

  • 表1 GA及DDP联合对食管癌KYSE150细胞活力的影响

  • 注:a与对照组相比,P<0.05,b与DDP组相比,P<0.05

  • 2.4 GA及DDP联合对食管癌细胞COX-2 mRNA、蛋白表达及上清中PGE2含量的影响

  • RT-qPCR检测结果显示,与对照组相比,GA组、DDP组及GA+DDP联合组均显著抑制食管癌细胞KYSE150中COX-2 mRNA的表达(P<0.05,见图4A)。且与单独DDP组相比,GA+DDP联合组中COX-2的mRNA表达显著降低(P<0.05,见图3A)。Western blot检测结果显示,与对照组相比,GA组、DDP组及GA+DDP联合组均显著抑制食管癌细胞KYSE150中COX-2蛋白的表达(P<0.05,见图4B和4C)。且与单独DDP组相比,GA+DDP联合组中COX-2蛋白表达显著降低(P<0.05,见图4B和4C)。ELISA检测结果显示,与对照组相比,GA组、DDP组及GA+DDP联合组均显著抑制食管癌细胞KYSE150上清中PGE2的含量(P<0.05,见图4D)。且与单独DDP组相比,GA+DDP联合组中PGE2的含量显著降低(P<0.05,见图4D)。

  • 图4 15μg/mL GA与0.625μg/mLDDP联合对食管癌细胞KYSE150中COX-2 mRNA、蛋白表达及血清中PGE2含量的影响

  • 3 讨论

  • 美国国家综合癌症网络指南推荐使用联合药物治疗ESCC,包括DDP联合阿霉素和5-氟尿嘧啶等。据报道,许多从中草药中提取的小分子与化疗药物联合使用时表现出了增强的临床疗效[16-18]。越来越多的研究表明,GA具有抗肿瘤、抗炎、抗氧化、抗菌、抗糖尿病、抗肥胖等多种药理活性[19-21]。GA主要来源于五倍子、山茱萸、石榴、大黄、牡丹皮等中草药植物。研究发现,含有GA成分的中药处方已在临床应用于食管癌的治疗。杨勤龙[22]使用含有大黄的大黄蛰虫丸治疗食管癌患者,使得病情逐渐好转。马庆凯等[23]用内镜注射五倍子液硬化治疗中、晚期食管癌30例,取得较好疗效。而且本研究前期发现,GA对食管癌细胞生长、迁移和侵袭均具有显著的抑制作用[10]。这些结果均提示,GA可与其他化疗药物联合开发成一种新型的食管癌治疗药物。

  • 本研究通过体内构建小鼠食管癌模型,分别给予GA、DDP单独处理及GA与DDP联合使用。结果发现,单独使用GA和DDP均可显著抑制肿瘤的生长和大小,但GA的抗肿瘤作用略弱于DDP,GA和DDP联合应用抗肿瘤效果最佳。进一步的体外实验同样证实,单独使用GA和DDP以及GA和DDP联合应用均对ESCC细胞生长具有时间和浓度依赖性抑制作用,且GA作用低于DDP。因此,本研究表明,将GA与DDP联合应用可以协同抑制ESCC细胞增殖。

  • ESCC是最具侵袭性的肿瘤之一,肿瘤进展快,5年生存率较低,预后较差[1]。ESCC的危险因素包括热饮、饮酒和吸烟等。这些危险因素均可导致慢性炎症,并与ESCC的发生、发展和转移密切相关[24]。COX-2是一种COX亚型,是一种炎性酶,可催化花生四烯酸转化为前列腺素诱导PGE2的产生,COX-2在食管癌中表达升高[24]。研究表明,选择性和非选择性COX-2抑制剂均能显著抑制N-亚硝基甲基苄胺(NMBA)诱导的大鼠ESCC的形成[12]。此外,在人ESCC细胞系中基因敲除COX-2可抑制异种移植小鼠体内的肿瘤形成[25]。此外,信号转导和转录激活子3(STAT3)已被证明是COX-2/PGE2的下游靶点,并且STAT3在ESCC中异常激活,其激活与不良预后有关,参与诱导ESCC肿瘤的增殖和上皮间质转化[26]。本研究发现,GA组,DDP组和GA+DDP联合组均能显著降低食管癌组织中COX-2 mRNA及蛋白的表达及血清中PGE2的含量。且与单独DDP处理组比较,GA+DDP联合组抑制作用更为显著。进一步的细胞实验同样证明GA组、DDP组和GA+DDP联合组均能显著降低食管癌细胞的增殖、COX-2 mRNA及蛋白的表达及上清中PGE2的含量,且GA与DDP联合应用可以协同抑制KYSE150细胞中COX-2及PGE2的表达。但是,GA联合DDP调控C0X-2及PGE2表达的具体信号通路和分子机制还有待进一步研究。

  • 综上所述,本研究发现GA与DDP在体内、外抗食管癌作用上均发挥协同效应,这种协同作用的机制可能与抑制COX-2及PGE2的表达有关。这些结果提示,将GA与常规化疗药物联合使用,可能是一个非常有前景的食管癌临床治疗策略,本研究结果将为GA与DDP联合应用,开发成一种新型的抗食管癌的化疗联合药物提供理论依据。

  • 参考文献

    • [1] Ghaly G,Kamel M,Nasar A,et al.Locally advanced esophageal cancer:what becomes of 5-year survivors?[J].J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg,2016,151(3):726-732.

    • [2] Li XK,Chen LM,Luan SY,et al.The development and progress of nanomedicine for esophageal cancer diagnosis and treatment[J].Semin Cancer Biol,2022,86(Pt 2):873-885.

    • [3] Zhang HD,Liang HG,Tang P,et al.Research progress and challenges of neoadjuvant therapy for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma[J].Chin J Gastrointest Surg,2021,24(9):836-842.

    • [4] Ma YC,Wang Y,Wang L,et al.Triptolide prevents proliferation and migration of Esophageal Squamous Cell Cancer via MAPK/ERK signaling pathway[J].Eur J Pharmacol,2019,851:43-51.

    • [5] Chen HJ,Liu PF,Zhang T,et al.Effects of diphyllin as a novel V-ATPase inhibitor on TE-1 and ECA-109 cells[J].Oncol Rep,2018,39(3):921-928.

    • [6] Hong ZC,Tang PL,Liu B,et al.Erratum for Ferroptosis-related genes for overall survival prediction in patients with colorectal cancer can be inhibited by Gallic acid[J].Int J Biol Sci,2022,18(4):1398-1399.

    • [7] Ko EB,Jang YG,Kim CW,et al.Gallic acid hindered lung cancer progression by inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in A549 lung cancer cells via PI3K/akt pathway[J].Biomol Ther,2022,30(2):151-161.

    • [8] Aborehab NM,Elnagar MR,Waly NE.Gallic acid potentiates the apoptotic effect of paclitaxel and carboplatin via overexpression of Bax and P53 on the MCF-7 human breast cancer cell line[J].J Biochem Mol Toxicol,2021,35(2):e22638.

    • [9] Bulbul MV,Karabulut S,Kalender M,et al.Effects of Gallic acid on endometrial cancer cells in two and three dimensional cell culture models[J].Asian Pac J Cancer Prev,2021,22(6):1745-1751.

    • [10] Li CX,Zhang ZW,Zhang SK,et al.Inhibitory effects of the extracts of Juglans sigillata green husks on the proliferation,migration and survival of KYSE150 and EC9706 human esophageal cancer cell lines[J].Nutr Cancer,2019,71(1):149-158.

    • [11] 鄢文强,李彩霞,王冬滨,等.没食子酸对人食管癌细胞生长与凋亡的影响[J].实用医学杂志,2015,31(4):540-543.

    • [12] Luz CCF,Noguti J,Araújo L,et al.Expression of VEGF and cox-2 in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma[J].Asian Pac J Cancer Prev,2018,19(1):171-177.

    • [13] Yusup G,Akutsu Y,Mutallip M,et al.A COX-2 inhibitor enhances the antitumor effects of chemotherapy and radiotherapy for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma[J].Int J Oncol,2014,44(4):1146-1152.

    • [14] Yan S,Tian SX,Kang QW,et al.Rhizoma paridis saponins suppresses tumor growth in a rat model of N-nitrosomethylbenzylamine-induced esophageal cancer by inhibiting cyclooxygenases-2 pathway[J].PLoS One,2015,10(7):e0131560.

    • [15] Sanchez-Martin V,Plaza-Calonge MDC,Soriano-Lerma A,et al.Gallic acid:a natural phenolic compound exerting antitumoral activities in colorectal cancer via interaction with G-quadruplexes[J].Cancers,2022,14(11):2648.

    • [16] Jang H,Zhi KK,Wang JC,et al.Enhanced therapeutic effect of paclitaxel with a natural polysaccharide carrier for local injection in breast cancer[J].Int J Biol Macromol,2020,148:163-172.

    • [17] Tang MX,Yang MJ,He KY,et al.Glycyrrhetinic acid remodels the tumor microenvironment and synergizes with doxorubicin for breast cancer treatment in a murine model[J].Nanotechnology,2021,32(18):185702.

    • [18] 刘文清,杨莎,刘明松,等.姜黄素与抗肿瘤药物联合应用的研究进展[J].河北大学学报(自然科学版),2024,44(1):50-59.

    • [19] Nouri A,Heibati F,Heidarian E.Gallic acid exerts anti-inflammatory,anti-oxidative stress,and nephroprotective effects against paraquat-induced renal injury in male rats[J].Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol,2021,394(1):1-9.

    • [20] Jing Z,Li MH,Wang HY,et al.Gallic acid-gold nanoparticles enhance radiation-induced cell death of human glioma U251 cells[J].IUBMB Life,2021,73(2):398-407.

    • [21] Couto AG,Kassuya CAL,Calixto JB,et al.Anti-inflammatory,antiallodynic effects and quantitative analysis of Gallic acid in spray dried powders from Phyllanthus niruri leaves,stems,roots and whole plant[J].Rev Bras De Farmacogn,2013,23(1):124-131.

    • [22] 杨勤龙.大黄蛰虫丸为主治疗晚期恶性肿瘤[J].中医临床研究,2013,5(19):16-17.

    • [23] 马庆凯,王虹,马海波.纤维内镜注射五倍子液硬化治疗中、晚期食管癌30例疗效观察[J].中国冶金工业医学杂志,2002,19(6):47-48.

    • [24] Moon H,White AC,Borowsky AD.New insights into the functions of Cox-2 in skin and esophageal malignancies[J].Exp Mol Med,2020,52(4):538-547.

    • [25] Shen JG,Nayoung K,Wang HF,et al.COX-2 strengthens the effects of acid and bile salts on human esophageal cells and Barrett esophageal cells[J].BMC Mol Cell Biol,2022,23(1):19.

    • [26] Ma RJ,Ma C,Hu K,et al.Molecular mechanism,regulation,and therapeutic targeting of the STAT3 signaling pathway in esophageal cancer(Review)[J].Int J Oncol,2022,61(3):105.

图1 GA及与DDP联合对裸鼠食管肿瘤生长的影响

图2 GA与DDP联合对裸鼠肿瘤组织COX-2 mRNA及蛋白表达以及血清中PGE2含量的影响

图3 GA及DDP分别对食管癌细胞EC9706及KYSE150细胞活力的影响

图4 15μg/mL GA与0.625μg/mLDDP联合对食管癌细胞KYSE150中COX-2 mRNA、蛋白表达及血清中PGE2含量的影响

表1 GA及DDP联合对食管癌KYSE150细胞活力的影响

图表 1/1

  • 参考文献

    • [1] Ghaly G,Kamel M,Nasar A,et al.Locally advanced esophageal cancer:what becomes of 5-year survivors?[J].J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg,2016,151(3):726-732.

    • [2] Li XK,Chen LM,Luan SY,et al.The development and progress of nanomedicine for esophageal cancer diagnosis and treatment[J].Semin Cancer Biol,2022,86(Pt 2):873-885.

    • [3] Zhang HD,Liang HG,Tang P,et al.Research progress and challenges of neoadjuvant therapy for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma[J].Chin J Gastrointest Surg,2021,24(9):836-842.

    • [4] Ma YC,Wang Y,Wang L,et al.Triptolide prevents proliferation and migration of Esophageal Squamous Cell Cancer via MAPK/ERK signaling pathway[J].Eur J Pharmacol,2019,851:43-51.

    • [5] Chen HJ,Liu PF,Zhang T,et al.Effects of diphyllin as a novel V-ATPase inhibitor on TE-1 and ECA-109 cells[J].Oncol Rep,2018,39(3):921-928.

    • [6] Hong ZC,Tang PL,Liu B,et al.Erratum for Ferroptosis-related genes for overall survival prediction in patients with colorectal cancer can be inhibited by Gallic acid[J].Int J Biol Sci,2022,18(4):1398-1399.

    • [7] Ko EB,Jang YG,Kim CW,et al.Gallic acid hindered lung cancer progression by inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in A549 lung cancer cells via PI3K/akt pathway[J].Biomol Ther,2022,30(2):151-161.

    • [8] Aborehab NM,Elnagar MR,Waly NE.Gallic acid potentiates the apoptotic effect of paclitaxel and carboplatin via overexpression of Bax and P53 on the MCF-7 human breast cancer cell line[J].J Biochem Mol Toxicol,2021,35(2):e22638.

    • [9] Bulbul MV,Karabulut S,Kalender M,et al.Effects of Gallic acid on endometrial cancer cells in two and three dimensional cell culture models[J].Asian Pac J Cancer Prev,2021,22(6):1745-1751.

    • [10] Li CX,Zhang ZW,Zhang SK,et al.Inhibitory effects of the extracts of Juglans sigillata green husks on the proliferation,migration and survival of KYSE150 and EC9706 human esophageal cancer cell lines[J].Nutr Cancer,2019,71(1):149-158.

    • [11] 鄢文强,李彩霞,王冬滨,等.没食子酸对人食管癌细胞生长与凋亡的影响[J].实用医学杂志,2015,31(4):540-543.

    • [12] Luz CCF,Noguti J,Araújo L,et al.Expression of VEGF and cox-2 in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma[J].Asian Pac J Cancer Prev,2018,19(1):171-177.

    • [13] Yusup G,Akutsu Y,Mutallip M,et al.A COX-2 inhibitor enhances the antitumor effects of chemotherapy and radiotherapy for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma[J].Int J Oncol,2014,44(4):1146-1152.

    • [14] Yan S,Tian SX,Kang QW,et al.Rhizoma paridis saponins suppresses tumor growth in a rat model of N-nitrosomethylbenzylamine-induced esophageal cancer by inhibiting cyclooxygenases-2 pathway[J].PLoS One,2015,10(7):e0131560.

    • [15] Sanchez-Martin V,Plaza-Calonge MDC,Soriano-Lerma A,et al.Gallic acid:a natural phenolic compound exerting antitumoral activities in colorectal cancer via interaction with G-quadruplexes[J].Cancers,2022,14(11):2648.

    • [16] Jang H,Zhi KK,Wang JC,et al.Enhanced therapeutic effect of paclitaxel with a natural polysaccharide carrier for local injection in breast cancer[J].Int J Biol Macromol,2020,148:163-172.

    • [17] Tang MX,Yang MJ,He KY,et al.Glycyrrhetinic acid remodels the tumor microenvironment and synergizes with doxorubicin for breast cancer treatment in a murine model[J].Nanotechnology,2021,32(18):185702.

    • [18] 刘文清,杨莎,刘明松,等.姜黄素与抗肿瘤药物联合应用的研究进展[J].河北大学学报(自然科学版),2024,44(1):50-59.

    • [19] Nouri A,Heibati F,Heidarian E.Gallic acid exerts anti-inflammatory,anti-oxidative stress,and nephroprotective effects against paraquat-induced renal injury in male rats[J].Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol,2021,394(1):1-9.

    • [20] Jing Z,Li MH,Wang HY,et al.Gallic acid-gold nanoparticles enhance radiation-induced cell death of human glioma U251 cells[J].IUBMB Life,2021,73(2):398-407.

    • [21] Couto AG,Kassuya CAL,Calixto JB,et al.Anti-inflammatory,antiallodynic effects and quantitative analysis of Gallic acid in spray dried powders from Phyllanthus niruri leaves,stems,roots and whole plant[J].Rev Bras De Farmacogn,2013,23(1):124-131.

    • [22] 杨勤龙.大黄蛰虫丸为主治疗晚期恶性肿瘤[J].中医临床研究,2013,5(19):16-17.

    • [23] 马庆凯,王虹,马海波.纤维内镜注射五倍子液硬化治疗中、晚期食管癌30例疗效观察[J].中国冶金工业医学杂志,2002,19(6):47-48.

    • [24] Moon H,White AC,Borowsky AD.New insights into the functions of Cox-2 in skin and esophageal malignancies[J].Exp Mol Med,2020,52(4):538-547.

    • [25] Shen JG,Nayoung K,Wang HF,et al.COX-2 strengthens the effects of acid and bile salts on human esophageal cells and Barrett esophageal cells[J].BMC Mol Cell Biol,2022,23(1):19.

    • [26] Ma RJ,Ma C,Hu K,et al.Molecular mechanism,regulation,and therapeutic targeting of the STAT3 signaling pathway in esophageal cancer(Review)[J].Int J Oncol,2022,61(3):105.

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