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通讯作者:

章阳,E-mail:21670235@qq.com

中图分类号:R657.1

文献标识码:A

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1007-6948.2024.03.028

参考文献 1
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参考文献 2
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参考文献 5
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参考文献 6
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参考文献 7
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参考文献 8
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参考文献 9
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参考文献 10
Yu QX,Zhi CC,Jia LS,et al.Efficacy of Ruiyun procedure for hemorrhoids combined simplified Milligan-Morgan hemorrhoidectomy with dentate line-sparing in treating grade III/IV hemorrhoids:a retrospective study[J].BMC Surg,2021,21(1):251.
参考文献 11
Dekker L,Bak MTJ,Bemelman WA,et al.Hemorrhoidectomy versus rubber band ligation in grade III hemorrhoidal disease:a large retrospective cohort study with long-term follow-up[J].Ann Coloproctol,2022,38(2):146-152.
参考文献 12
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参考文献 13
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参考文献 14
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参考文献 15
Hassan S,McGrath D,Barnes R,et al.Radiofrequency ablation(Rafaelo Procedure)for the treatment of hemorrhoids:a case series in the United Kingdom[J].Ann Coloproctol,2023,39(2):164-167.
参考文献 16
Tolksdorf S,Tübergen D,Vivaldi C,et al.Early and midterm results of radiofrequency ablation(Rafaelo(®)procedure)for third-degree haemorrhoids:a prospective,two-centre study[J].Tech Coloproctol,2022,26(6):479-487.
参考文献 17
Christodoulou P,Baloyiannis I,Perivoliotis K,et al.The role of the Rafaelo procedure in the management of hemorrhoidal disease:a systematic review and meta-analysis[J].Tech Coloproctol,2023,27(2):103-115.
参考文献 18
Didelot JM,Didelot R.Radiofrequency thermocoagulation of haemorrhoidal bundles,an alternative technique for the management of internal haemorrhoids[J].Int J Colorectal Dis,2021,36(3):601-604.
参考文献 19
孙秋月,贾小强,李东冰,等.基于枯痔钉理论的铜离子电化学术治疗内痔的原理与实践探讨[J].中国中西医结合外科杂志,2023,29(5):691-693.
参考文献 20
Zhang CJ,Zhang WP,Xu J.Comparison of the outcomes of hemorrhoidectomy and PPH in the treatment of grades III and IV hemorrhoids[J].Medicine,2022,101(11):e29100.
参考文献 21
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参考文献 22
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参考文献 23
王业皇,章阳,严进,等.开环式微创痔吻合器治疗痔病的临床效果[J].江苏医药,2010,36(11):1249-1252.
参考文献 24
Zhang GX,Liang RW,Wang J,et al.Network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials comparing the procedure for prolapse and hemorrhoids,Milligan-Morgan hemorrhoidectomy and tissue-selecting therapy stapler in the treatment of grade III and IV internal hemorrhoids(Meta-analysis)[J].Int J Surg,2020,74:53-60.
参考文献 25
Ji LJ,Li L,Weng LP,et al.Tissue selecting technique mega-window stapler combined with anal canal epithelial preservation operation for the treatment of severe prolapsed hemorrhoids:a study protocol for a randomized controlled trial[J].Medicine,2020,99(45):e23122.
参考文献 26
Yuan CC,Zhou CJ,Xue R,et al.Outcomes of modified tissue selection therapy stapler in the treatment of prolapsing hemorrhoids[J].Front Surg,2022,9:838742.
参考文献 27
中国中西医结合学会大肠肛门病专业委员会.经肛吻合器治疗脱垂性痔中国专家共识[J].中华胃肠外科杂志,2020,23(12):1135-1138.
参考文献 28
Ferrandis C,De Faucal D,Fabreguette JM,et al.Efficacy of Doppler-guided hemorrhoidal artery ligation with mucopexy,in the short and long terms for patients with hemorrhoidal disease[J].Tech Coloproctol,2020,24(2):165-171.
参考文献 29
Palumbo VD,Palumbo VD,Damiano G,et al.Colour Doppler-guided Haemorrhoidal Artery Ligation:a possible evolution of Transanal Haemorrhoidal Dearterialisation[J].Clin Ter,2021,172(4):329-335.
参考文献 30
Gallo G,Martellucci J,Sturiale A,et al.Consensus statement of the Italian society of colorectal surgery(SICCR):management and treatment of hemorrhoidal disease[J].Tech Coloproctol,2020,24(2):145-164.
目录contents

    摘要

    随着现代微创外科的发展,痔的治疗理念已从追求彻底根治转变为减轻或消除症状,以保护肛门精细功能为主,痔的外科治疗也已从早期的彻底切除逐渐转变为悬吊固定和阻断血供,以保护肛垫和齿线组织的完整性,从而减少术后并发症、缩短术后恢复时间,因此用最小创伤换取最大疗效的微创治疗前景十分广阔。本研究主要针对痔的微创治疗方法及研究进展进行综述。

    关键词

    微创治疗研究进展

  • 痔病是临床上最常见的肛肠疾病,据文献报道,我国痔病的发病率高达51.56%[1]。痔病可产生出血、脱垂、瘙痒和疼痛等症状,严重时可并发血栓、嵌顿、绞窄及贫血等问题,从而降低患者的生活质量,有大量的患者正在寻求内科和外科治疗,因此痔病不仅是一个医学问题,还是一个社会经济负担问题[2]。痔的发病机制尚未完全阐明,目前最普遍的是静脉曲张学说和肛垫下移学说。治疗上,轻度的痔应首选保守治疗,保守治疗无效或重度的痔方需进行外科治疗[1]。21世纪,微创外科已经成为外科发展的主流,微创理念和微创技术已深入人心,痔的外科治疗也逐步走向微创化,痔的治疗理念从追求彻底根治转变为减轻或消除症状,以保护肛门精细功能,痔的外科治疗也已从早期的彻底切除痔组织逐渐转变为悬吊固定和阻断血供,以保护肛垫和齿线组织的完整性,从而减少术后并发症、缩短术后恢复时间。虽然最佳的治疗方法仍然存在争议,但新技术、新设备正在不断引入以推进痔微创化治疗的进程。本文将目前临床上常用的痔的微创治疗方法及研究进展综述如下。

  • 1 痔注射术(injection sclerotherapy,IS)

  • 自从1869年英国医生Morgan首先应用硫酸铁溶液行内痔注射治疗后,痔的注射疗法在西方国家沿用已有150多年的历史。在我国则兴起于20世纪50年代,并基于中医枯痔法研发出许多内痔注射液。目前应用于内痔注射的药物主要包括三大类:软化萎缩剂、硬化剂、坏死剂。芍倍注射液是目前唯一的软化萎缩剂,是基于中医收敛化瘀法研发,该法不仅“收敛萎缩,收敛固脱”,还强调“化瘀”,可避免遗留硬结和术后狭窄的弊端[3]。以消痔灵注射液为代表的硬化剂则是在黏膜下痔静脉丛周围组织中产生无菌性炎症和纤维化,从而压缩和闭合曲张的静脉丛以达到治疗目的。坏死剂因术后感染、坏死、狭窄风险较高,目前临床上已基本不再应用。黄丹丹等[4]研究显示芍倍注射液治疗Ⅱ、Ⅲ度痔疗效确切,安全性高,与痔套扎术相比,芍倍注射在减少术后不良事件发生以及住院时间、费用方面更具优势。蒋玲等[5]进行了93例内镜下内痔消痔灵硬化剂注射,总有效率为91.40%,术后并发症轻微,证明内镜引导下硬化剂注射疗法安全有效。注射疗法具有损伤小、恢复快、操作简单等优点,广受医生及患者的青睐,适用于以出血为主的Ⅰ、Ⅱ度内痔,尤其适合老年体弱患者。近些年来,内镜下内痔注射逐步开展,它可以在内镜直视下准确观察和控制注射的角度、方向及深度,提高了操作的准确性和安全性,值得临床推广应用[6]。但是目前临床上内痔注射剂的种类较多,安全性不一致,一定程度上限制了注射疗法的广泛应用,因此在临床实践中应合理选择注射剂并严格按照诊疗规范操作以减少不良事件的发生[7]

  • 2 痔套扎术(rubber band ligation,RBL、ruiyun procedure for hemorrhoids,RPH)

  • 早在我国古代,结扎法就被运用到痔的治疗中,到20世纪50年代,套扎术陆续在临床中广泛运用,早期套扎方式多为手术钳胶圈套扎,后逐渐转变为带负压吸引的自动胶圈套扎器,近年来又推出自动弹力线套扎器。弹力线克服了传统胶圈弹性回缩力有限、自带内孔径及易老化变质的缺点,弹力线环套可极度紧缩且表面摩擦力大,使套扎更牢靠,有效避免了术后出血和滑脱的风险。痔自动套扎术是通过负压吸引痔核,将胶圈(弹力线)套扎于痔核底部,利用胶圈(弹力线)较强的弹性收缩力阻断痔核血供,使痔核缺血萎缩并坏死脱落[8]。此外本术式也可套扎痔上黏膜,使黏膜皱缩并与肌层粘连,达到一定的上提肛垫的作用。Komporozos等[9]回顾研究了胶圈套扎对2635例Ⅱ-Ⅳ度痔的疗效,术后2年总复发率为15.49%,术后最主要并发症为疼痛,发生率为16.16%。Yu等[10]回顾对比了弹力线套扎联合外痔切除齿线保留术(RPH+sMMH)与Milligan-Morgan术的效果,结果显示二者治愈率相似,但RPH+sMMH组术后愈合时间更短、生活质量更高、并发症更少。痔套扎术是一种低侵入性的微创器械疗法,适合于以痔核脱出为主要症状的Ⅱ-Ⅲ度内痔的治疗[11]。单纯运用套扎术对伴有外痔的混合痔效果较差,联合外痔切除术可弥补此缺点,以扩大其适用范围。内镜下内痔套扎术将套扎术与内窥镜技术的优势相结合,操作灵活,视野清晰,具有很好的可控性和可视性。研究表明内镜下内痔套扎术在疗效、并发症和复发率方面均优于传统痔套扎术[12]。总体来说,痔套扎术疗效确切,并发症相对较少,对满足其适应证的痔病患者是较理想的首选术式[13-14]

  • 3 物理疗法

  • 3.1 射频消融术(radiofrequency ablation,RFA)

  • RFA利用发射高频电磁波使组织流体产生剧烈的分子运动,以发生内热效应,致使组织凝固性坏死,从而闭合痔核血管,阻断痔核血供,使痔核平复、消失[15]。Tolksdorf等[16]开展的一项前瞻性、多中心研究纳入98例Ⅲ度内痔患者,随访2年,患者术后出血、脱垂等症状均显著改善,且术后疼痛轻微、并发症少。Christodoulou等[17]开展的一项系统评价纳入了6项研究共包含327例患者,结论显示痔RFA可显著改善痔病症状,总体并发症发生率为17.6%,并发症大多为轻微不良事件,如出血(7.5%)、血栓形成(2.2%)和疼痛(1.6%),术后总复发率为4.8%,患者满意度为95%。RFA是一种新型微创技术,该技术学习简单、易重复,可根据痔核大小个体化释放能量,具有范围精准且相对低温的消融效应,能有效减少出血和改善脱垂,又能降低邻近组织损伤的风险,术后并发症轻微、愈合速度快,可缩短患者恢复正常工作生活的时间[18]。目前痔RFA尚无大样本多中心临床研究结果,也尚未在临床上广泛应用,值得进一步研究。

  • 3.2 其他物理疗法

  • 痔的物理疗法不断推陈致新,常见有激光消融疗法、红外线凝固疗法、铜离子电化学疗法、冷冻疗法等方法。物理疗法操作方法较为简单,创伤较小,恢复时间短,是治疗痔病的微创选择之一[19]。尽管有上述优点,但其各种疗法的适用范围、操作规范、安全性和疗效性等仍需进一步证明和研究。

  • 4 吻合器痔上黏膜环切术(procedure for prolapse and hemorrhoids,PPH)

  • 吻合器痔上黏膜环切术(PPH)是1998年意大利学者Longo根据肛垫学说创立,通过环形切除齿状线上的黏膜和黏膜下层组织,使近端与远端黏膜及黏膜下层组织环形吻合,阻断部分痔静脉丛的血供,悬吊固定痔核并复位肛垫,以达到治疗的目的。Zhang等[20]回顾了1003例Ⅲ、Ⅳ度痔病患者,其中585例患者行PPH术,418例患者行痔切除术,两组术后1年复发率并无显著差异,但术后疼痛、术后出血、排尿困难、术后静息肛门压方面,PPH组均优于痔切除术组,且PPH组手术失血量、手术时间、伤口愈合时间和伤口感染率也均低于对照组。Chen等[21]通过降低双荷包线缝合的位置以改良PPH术,与原始PPH术及传统Milligan-Morgan术对比发现,改良PPH术可降低吻合口出血率、降低复发率,但肛门坠胀发生率最高,肛门功能下降最明显。由此研究可分析,原始PPH术只上提肛垫而不切除痔组织,减少了肛门直肠正常生理结构的破坏,但有复发率较高的弊端,此项改良PPH术切除了部分痔组织,破坏了肛垫齿线结构,降低了复发率的同时也导致了术后肛门坠胀、肛门自制功能下降等并发症的发生。PPH术主要适用于Ⅲ、Ⅳ度脱垂性痔的手术治疗,具有创伤小、疼痛轻微、恢复快的优点。然而术后复发率较高,易发生严重并发症,如持续肛门坠胀疼痛、肛门失禁、肛门狭窄、吻合口瘘、直肠阴道瘘甚至直肠坏死等[22]。因此,严格掌握手术适应证、熟练手术操作,密切术后随访是安全运用PPH术的关键。

  • 5 选择性痔上黏膜切除术(tissue selecting therapy stapler,TST)

  • 选择性痔上黏膜切除术(TST)是基于微创和组织保护的观念创立,是中医肛肠分段齿形结扎术和吻合器痔上黏膜环切术的完美结合。利用开环式微创痔吻合器有选择性地切除痔上黏膜及黏膜下层,使脱垂的肛垫回位,达到悬吊上提、断流阻供、减积除冗的目的同时,又保留了痔核间正常的黏膜桥,对肛管直肠黏膜组织结构破坏少,是一种基于并优于PPH术的创新术式[23]。Zhang等[24]开展的一项荟萃分析纳入22项随机对照试验,共纳入3511例患者,其中1379例接受了PPH术,805例接受了TST术,1327例接受了Milligan-Morgan术。结果显示TST组术后并发症发生率及复发率均为最低,与另两组相比,TST组在治疗Ⅲ、Ⅳ度痔上表现出了最佳的临床效果。近些年不断有学者对TST术进行改良,如Ji等[25]用大开窗TST吻合器(TST-MS)联合外痔弧形切除加缝合保留肛管上皮术(CACP),与PPH术联合外切内扎术进行对比,结果显示TST-MS-CACP术损伤更小,愈合更快,并发症更少,可更显著的减少术后内痔的脱垂和外痔的残留,扩大了TST术的适用范围。Yuan等[26]创新性地使用金属挡板在不同方向上保留相对正常的黏膜,可根据痔核的大小和数量更灵活地切除目标组织,重新调整了手术范围并保留相对正常的肛垫以维护肛门的正常生理功能。与原始TST术相比,此改良TST术在治疗脱垂性痔方面取得了更好的效果,解决了TST手术中选择单开、双开或三开肛门镜的困境,更准确地切除病变组织,并保留更多的正常黏膜,使手术更安全、术后并发症更少,患者生活质量更高。TST术适用于II、IV度痔的手术治疗,因其临床疗效确切,并发症较其他吻合器手术更少,患者满意度高,广受临床医生青睐[27]。由原始TST术发展而来的各种改良术式虽表现出良好的试验结果,但其安全性和有效性仍需进一步证明。

  • 6 多普勒超声引导下痔动脉结扎术(doppler-guided hemorrhoidal artery ligation,DG-HAL)

  • 由日本学者Morinaga于1955年首次提出该手术,通过超声多普勒引导下定位痔动脉,并准确、选择性的将其结扎,促使痔核萎缩。旨在通过恢复肛门直肠正常解剖结构而不是切除破坏组织来纠正痔的发生,完好地保留了肛垫齿线组织,是一种低侵袭性的微创外科手术。Ferrandis等[28]对多普勒引导下痔动脉结扎联合悬吊术(DG-HALm)的近期和远期疗效进行对比,尽管DG-HALm的创伤小,并发症少,短期疗效令人满意,但5年随访总复发率高达35.6%。Palumbo等[29]对比研究彩色多普勒与标准多普勒下痔动脉结扎的差异,结果显示二者的术后并发症和满意度无明显差异,但标准多普勒组术后复发率明显较彩色多普勒组高,可能与彩色多普勒可以更精准识别痔动脉有关。DG-HAL主要适合以出血为的Ⅱ、Ⅲ度痔,并可与其他术式进行联合治疗。总的来看,DG-HAL创伤小、并发症少,符合微创观念,但其复发率较高,远期疗效不确切,手术成本也较高[30]。临床上应充分遵循患者意愿,综合考虑是否采用该术式。

  • 微创理念和微创技术正成为当今外科发展的主流,微创治疗也必将成为痔外科治疗的主流。但任何一种微创治疗都有其特定的适应证和局限性,不能为了追求微创而放弃疾病诊治的基本原则,应始终以患者为中心,根据患者的病情、经济情况、医疗条件等因素进行综合评估,并选择适合的、个体化的治疗方案,以达到微创与疗效的平衡。

  • 参考文献

    • [1] 中国中西医结合学会大肠肛门病专业委员会.中国痔病诊疗指南(2020)[J].结直肠肛门外科,2020,26(5):519-533.

    • [2] Eddama MMR,Everson M,Renshaw S,et al.Radiofrequency ablation for the treatment of haemorrhoidal disease:a minimally invasive and effective treatment modality[J].Tech Coloproctol,2019,23(8):769-774.

    • [3] 安阿玥.肛肠病学[M].3版.北京:人民卫生出版社,2015:123-124.

    • [4] 黄丹丹,刘智敏,张迪,等.芍倍注射术与痔套扎术治疗Ⅱ~Ⅲ度痔的临床疗效以及安全性和经济学分析[J].中华胃肠外科杂志,2020,23(12):1194-1199.

    • [5] 蒋玲,余腾江,杨向东,等.结肠镜引导下消痔灵硬化剂注射治疗内痔93例疗效观察[J].中国肛肠病杂志,2022,42(3):4-6.

    • [6] 王文平,刘兵团,李腾飞.探究透明帽辅助内镜下注射聚桂醇泡沫硬化剂治疗出血性内痔的临床效果及对患者满意程度的影响[J].世界复合医学,2022,8(8):98-101.

    • [7] Davis BR,Lee-Kong SA,Migaly J,et al.The American society of colon and rectal surgeons clinical practice guidelines for the management of hemorrhoids[J].Dis Colon Rectum,2018,61(3):284-292.

    • [8] Dekker L,Han-Geurts IJM,Rørvik HD,et al.Rubber band ligation versus haemorrhoidectomy for the treatment of grade II-III haemorrhoids:a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials[J].Tech Coloproctol,2021,25(6):663-674.

    • [9] Komporozos V,Ziozia V,Komporozou A,et al.Rubber band ligation of symptomatic hemorrhoids:an old solution to an everyday problem[J].Int J Colorectal Dis,2021,36(8):1723-1729.

    • [10] Yu QX,Zhi CC,Jia LS,et al.Efficacy of Ruiyun procedure for hemorrhoids combined simplified Milligan-Morgan hemorrhoidectomy with dentate line-sparing in treating grade III/IV hemorrhoids:a retrospective study[J].BMC Surg,2021,21(1):251.

    • [11] Dekker L,Bak MTJ,Bemelman WA,et al.Hemorrhoidectomy versus rubber band ligation in grade III hemorrhoidal disease:a large retrospective cohort study with long-term follow-up[J].Ann Coloproctol,2022,38(2):146-152.

    • [12] Ma WZ,Guo JT,Yang F,et al.Progress in endoscopic treatment of hemorrhoids[J].J Transl Int Med,2020,8(4):237-244.

    • [13] van Tol RR,Kleijnen J,Watson AJM,et al.European Society of ColoProctology:guideline for haemorrhoidal disease[J].Colorectal Dis,2020,22(6):650-662.

    • [14] Yamana T.Japanese practice guidelines for anal disorders I.hemorrhoids[J].J Anus Rectum Colon,2017,1(3):89-99.

    • [15] Hassan S,McGrath D,Barnes R,et al.Radiofrequency ablation(Rafaelo Procedure)for the treatment of hemorrhoids:a case series in the United Kingdom[J].Ann Coloproctol,2023,39(2):164-167.

    • [16] Tolksdorf S,Tübergen D,Vivaldi C,et al.Early and midterm results of radiofrequency ablation(Rafaelo(®)procedure)for third-degree haemorrhoids:a prospective,two-centre study[J].Tech Coloproctol,2022,26(6):479-487.

    • [17] Christodoulou P,Baloyiannis I,Perivoliotis K,et al.The role of the Rafaelo procedure in the management of hemorrhoidal disease:a systematic review and meta-analysis[J].Tech Coloproctol,2023,27(2):103-115.

    • [18] Didelot JM,Didelot R.Radiofrequency thermocoagulation of haemorrhoidal bundles,an alternative technique for the management of internal haemorrhoids[J].Int J Colorectal Dis,2021,36(3):601-604.

    • [19] 孙秋月,贾小强,李东冰,等.基于枯痔钉理论的铜离子电化学术治疗内痔的原理与实践探讨[J].中国中西医结合外科杂志,2023,29(5):691-693.

    • [20] Zhang CJ,Zhang WP,Xu J.Comparison of the outcomes of hemorrhoidectomy and PPH in the treatment of grades III and IV hemorrhoids[J].Medicine,2022,101(11):e29100.

    • [21] Chen YY,Cheng YF,Wang QP,et al.Modified procedure for prolapse and hemorrhoids:lower recurrence,higher satisfaction[J].World J Clin Cases,2021,9(1):36-46.

    • [22] Ng KS,Holzgang M,Young C.Still a case of “No pain,No gain”?an updated and critical review of the pathogenesis,diagnosis,and management options for hemorrhoids in 2020[J].Ann Coloproctol,2020,36(3):133-147.

    • [23] 王业皇,章阳,严进,等.开环式微创痔吻合器治疗痔病的临床效果[J].江苏医药,2010,36(11):1249-1252.

    • [24] Zhang GX,Liang RW,Wang J,et al.Network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials comparing the procedure for prolapse and hemorrhoids,Milligan-Morgan hemorrhoidectomy and tissue-selecting therapy stapler in the treatment of grade III and IV internal hemorrhoids(Meta-analysis)[J].Int J Surg,2020,74:53-60.

    • [25] Ji LJ,Li L,Weng LP,et al.Tissue selecting technique mega-window stapler combined with anal canal epithelial preservation operation for the treatment of severe prolapsed hemorrhoids:a study protocol for a randomized controlled trial[J].Medicine,2020,99(45):e23122.

    • [26] Yuan CC,Zhou CJ,Xue R,et al.Outcomes of modified tissue selection therapy stapler in the treatment of prolapsing hemorrhoids[J].Front Surg,2022,9:838742.

    • [27] 中国中西医结合学会大肠肛门病专业委员会.经肛吻合器治疗脱垂性痔中国专家共识[J].中华胃肠外科杂志,2020,23(12):1135-1138.

    • [28] Ferrandis C,De Faucal D,Fabreguette JM,et al.Efficacy of Doppler-guided hemorrhoidal artery ligation with mucopexy,in the short and long terms for patients with hemorrhoidal disease[J].Tech Coloproctol,2020,24(2):165-171.

    • [29] Palumbo VD,Palumbo VD,Damiano G,et al.Colour Doppler-guided Haemorrhoidal Artery Ligation:a possible evolution of Transanal Haemorrhoidal Dearterialisation[J].Clin Ter,2021,172(4):329-335.

    • [30] Gallo G,Martellucci J,Sturiale A,et al.Consensus statement of the Italian society of colorectal surgery(SICCR):management and treatment of hemorrhoidal disease[J].Tech Coloproctol,2020,24(2):145-164.

  • 参考文献

    • [1] 中国中西医结合学会大肠肛门病专业委员会.中国痔病诊疗指南(2020)[J].结直肠肛门外科,2020,26(5):519-533.

    • [2] Eddama MMR,Everson M,Renshaw S,et al.Radiofrequency ablation for the treatment of haemorrhoidal disease:a minimally invasive and effective treatment modality[J].Tech Coloproctol,2019,23(8):769-774.

    • [3] 安阿玥.肛肠病学[M].3版.北京:人民卫生出版社,2015:123-124.

    • [4] 黄丹丹,刘智敏,张迪,等.芍倍注射术与痔套扎术治疗Ⅱ~Ⅲ度痔的临床疗效以及安全性和经济学分析[J].中华胃肠外科杂志,2020,23(12):1194-1199.

    • [5] 蒋玲,余腾江,杨向东,等.结肠镜引导下消痔灵硬化剂注射治疗内痔93例疗效观察[J].中国肛肠病杂志,2022,42(3):4-6.

    • [6] 王文平,刘兵团,李腾飞.探究透明帽辅助内镜下注射聚桂醇泡沫硬化剂治疗出血性内痔的临床效果及对患者满意程度的影响[J].世界复合医学,2022,8(8):98-101.

    • [7] Davis BR,Lee-Kong SA,Migaly J,et al.The American society of colon and rectal surgeons clinical practice guidelines for the management of hemorrhoids[J].Dis Colon Rectum,2018,61(3):284-292.

    • [8] Dekker L,Han-Geurts IJM,Rørvik HD,et al.Rubber band ligation versus haemorrhoidectomy for the treatment of grade II-III haemorrhoids:a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials[J].Tech Coloproctol,2021,25(6):663-674.

    • [9] Komporozos V,Ziozia V,Komporozou A,et al.Rubber band ligation of symptomatic hemorrhoids:an old solution to an everyday problem[J].Int J Colorectal Dis,2021,36(8):1723-1729.

    • [10] Yu QX,Zhi CC,Jia LS,et al.Efficacy of Ruiyun procedure for hemorrhoids combined simplified Milligan-Morgan hemorrhoidectomy with dentate line-sparing in treating grade III/IV hemorrhoids:a retrospective study[J].BMC Surg,2021,21(1):251.

    • [11] Dekker L,Bak MTJ,Bemelman WA,et al.Hemorrhoidectomy versus rubber band ligation in grade III hemorrhoidal disease:a large retrospective cohort study with long-term follow-up[J].Ann Coloproctol,2022,38(2):146-152.

    • [12] Ma WZ,Guo JT,Yang F,et al.Progress in endoscopic treatment of hemorrhoids[J].J Transl Int Med,2020,8(4):237-244.

    • [13] van Tol RR,Kleijnen J,Watson AJM,et al.European Society of ColoProctology:guideline for haemorrhoidal disease[J].Colorectal Dis,2020,22(6):650-662.

    • [14] Yamana T.Japanese practice guidelines for anal disorders I.hemorrhoids[J].J Anus Rectum Colon,2017,1(3):89-99.

    • [15] Hassan S,McGrath D,Barnes R,et al.Radiofrequency ablation(Rafaelo Procedure)for the treatment of hemorrhoids:a case series in the United Kingdom[J].Ann Coloproctol,2023,39(2):164-167.

    • [16] Tolksdorf S,Tübergen D,Vivaldi C,et al.Early and midterm results of radiofrequency ablation(Rafaelo(®)procedure)for third-degree haemorrhoids:a prospective,two-centre study[J].Tech Coloproctol,2022,26(6):479-487.

    • [17] Christodoulou P,Baloyiannis I,Perivoliotis K,et al.The role of the Rafaelo procedure in the management of hemorrhoidal disease:a systematic review and meta-analysis[J].Tech Coloproctol,2023,27(2):103-115.

    • [18] Didelot JM,Didelot R.Radiofrequency thermocoagulation of haemorrhoidal bundles,an alternative technique for the management of internal haemorrhoids[J].Int J Colorectal Dis,2021,36(3):601-604.

    • [19] 孙秋月,贾小强,李东冰,等.基于枯痔钉理论的铜离子电化学术治疗内痔的原理与实践探讨[J].中国中西医结合外科杂志,2023,29(5):691-693.

    • [20] Zhang CJ,Zhang WP,Xu J.Comparison of the outcomes of hemorrhoidectomy and PPH in the treatment of grades III and IV hemorrhoids[J].Medicine,2022,101(11):e29100.

    • [21] Chen YY,Cheng YF,Wang QP,et al.Modified procedure for prolapse and hemorrhoids:lower recurrence,higher satisfaction[J].World J Clin Cases,2021,9(1):36-46.

    • [22] Ng KS,Holzgang M,Young C.Still a case of “No pain,No gain”?an updated and critical review of the pathogenesis,diagnosis,and management options for hemorrhoids in 2020[J].Ann Coloproctol,2020,36(3):133-147.

    • [23] 王业皇,章阳,严进,等.开环式微创痔吻合器治疗痔病的临床效果[J].江苏医药,2010,36(11):1249-1252.

    • [24] Zhang GX,Liang RW,Wang J,et al.Network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials comparing the procedure for prolapse and hemorrhoids,Milligan-Morgan hemorrhoidectomy and tissue-selecting therapy stapler in the treatment of grade III and IV internal hemorrhoids(Meta-analysis)[J].Int J Surg,2020,74:53-60.

    • [25] Ji LJ,Li L,Weng LP,et al.Tissue selecting technique mega-window stapler combined with anal canal epithelial preservation operation for the treatment of severe prolapsed hemorrhoids:a study protocol for a randomized controlled trial[J].Medicine,2020,99(45):e23122.

    • [26] Yuan CC,Zhou CJ,Xue R,et al.Outcomes of modified tissue selection therapy stapler in the treatment of prolapsing hemorrhoids[J].Front Surg,2022,9:838742.

    • [27] 中国中西医结合学会大肠肛门病专业委员会.经肛吻合器治疗脱垂性痔中国专家共识[J].中华胃肠外科杂志,2020,23(12):1135-1138.

    • [28] Ferrandis C,De Faucal D,Fabreguette JM,et al.Efficacy of Doppler-guided hemorrhoidal artery ligation with mucopexy,in the short and long terms for patients with hemorrhoidal disease[J].Tech Coloproctol,2020,24(2):165-171.

    • [29] Palumbo VD,Palumbo VD,Damiano G,et al.Colour Doppler-guided Haemorrhoidal Artery Ligation:a possible evolution of Transanal Haemorrhoidal Dearterialisation[J].Clin Ter,2021,172(4):329-335.

    • [30] Gallo G,Martellucci J,Sturiale A,et al.Consensus statement of the Italian society of colorectal surgery(SICCR):management and treatment of hemorrhoidal disease[J].Tech Coloproctol,2020,24(2):145-164.

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