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通讯作者:

高瑞芳,E-mail:gaoruifang2012@163.com

中图分类号:R737.31

文献标识码:A

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1007-6948.2024.00.023

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目录contents

    摘要

    目的:探讨6-磷酸果糖-2-激酶/果糖-2,6-二磷酸酶4(PFKFB4)对卵巢癌细胞干性的影响及其机制。方法:利用慢病毒系统构建PFKFB4过表达的卵巢癌SKOV3和A2780稳定细胞系。Real-time PCR 和Western blot检测干性相关转录因子SOX2、OCT4和NANOG的表达及成球实验检测细胞的成球能力,确定PFKFB4对卵巢癌细胞干性的影响;利用自噬激活剂雷帕霉素处理卵巢癌细胞,检测SOX2、OCT4和NANOG的表达及细胞的成球能力,评估自噬对卵巢癌细胞干性的影响;Western blot检测自噬相关蛋白LC3B-Ⅱ和p62的表达,确定PFKFB4对卵巢癌细胞自噬的影响;生物信息学分析卵巢癌中PFKFB4与BNIP3表达的相关性;Real-time PCR和Western blot检测PFKFB4对BNIP3表达的影响。结果:过表达PFKFB4促进SOX2、OCT4和NANOG的表达和卵巢癌细胞的成球能力;雷帕霉素刺激增加SOX2、OCT4和NANOG的表达和卵巢癌细胞的成球能力;过表达PFKFB4增加卵巢细胞自噬水平,包括增加LC3B-Ⅱ蛋白表达、降低p62蛋白表达;生物信息学分析显示,卵巢癌组织中PFKFB4与BNIP3表达高度正相关;过表达PFKFB4增加BNIP3的mRNA和蛋白水平。结论:PFKFB4可能通过激活BNIP3介导的细胞自噬增强卵巢癌细胞的干性。

    Abstract

    Objective To investigate the effects of fructose-2-kinase 6-phosphate/fructose-2, 6-diphosphatase 4 (PFKFB4) on the stemness of ovarian cancer cells and its mechanism. Methods Ovarian cancer SKOV3 and A2780 stable cell lines with PFKFB4 overexpression were constructed by lentivirus system. Real-time PCR and western blot analysis was performed to detect the expression of stemness-related transcription factors SOX2, OCT4 and NANOG. The sphere-forming ability of the cells was detected by sphere formation assay to determine the effect of PFKFB4 on the stemness of ovarian cancer cells. The expression of SOX2, OCT4 and NANOG and the sphere-forming ability of the cells were detected after treatment with rapamycin, an autophagy activator, to evaluate the effect of autophagy on the stemness of ovarian cancer cells. The expression of autophagy-related proteins LC3B-Ⅱ and p62 was detected by western blot analysis to determine the effect of PFKFB4 on autophagy of ovarian cancer cells. The correlation between the expression of PFKFB4 and BNIP3 in ovarian cancer was analyzed by bioinformatics. Real-time PCR and western blot analysis was used to detect the effect of PFKFB4 on the expression of BNIP3. Results Overexpression of PFKFB4 promoted the expression of SOX2, OCT4 and NANOG and the sphere-forming ability of ovarian cancer cells. Rapamycin increased the expression of SOX2, OCT4 and NANOG and the sphere-forming ability of ovarian cancer cells. Overexpression of PFKFB4 increased the autophagy level of ovarian cells, including increasing the expression of LC3B-Ⅱ protein and decreasing the expression of p62 protein. Bioinformatics analysis showed that PFKFB4 and BNIP3 expression were highly positively correlated in ovarian cancer. Overexpression of PFKFB4 increased the mRNA and protein levels of BNIP3. Conclusion PFKFB4 may enhance the stemness of ovarian cancer cells by activating BNIP3-mediated autophagy.

  • 卵巢癌是一种影响女性生殖系统的恶性肿瘤,其死亡率位居妇科恶性肿瘤之首[1]。上皮性卵巢癌占卵巢癌病例约90%,包括高级别浆液性卵巢癌(约80%)、低级别浆液性卵巢癌、卵巢子宫内膜样癌、卵巢透明细胞癌和黏液性卵巢癌等亚型[2]。卵巢癌的标准一线治疗包括手术和铂类化疗的结合。然而,近70%的晚期卵巢癌患者对铂类药物产生耐药,导致肿瘤复发,生存时间明显缩短[3]。目前对卵巢癌的研究认为,卵巢癌干细胞作为“种子”细胞在卵巢癌的起始、复发、转移和耐药过程中发挥关键作用。因此,寻找调控卵巢癌细胞干性的有效靶点并阐明相关分子机制对提高现有卵巢癌治疗方案的疗效至关重要。

  • 6-磷酸果糖-2-激酶/果糖-2,6-二磷酸酶4(PFKFB4)是双功能酶PFKFB家族蛋白之一,同时具有激酶和磷酸酶活性的生物学功能。它可以通过合成和水解糖酵解信号分子果糖-2,6-二磷酸来控制细胞内的糖酵解水平,进而调控肿瘤的生长。但PFKFB4在卵巢癌细胞干性中的作用尚不清楚。本研究以人卵巢癌SKOV3和A2780细胞为研究对象,通过构建PFKFB4过表达的稳定细胞系,探讨PFKFB4对卵巢癌细胞干性的影响及其分子机制。

  • 1 材料和方法

  • 1.1 细胞和主要试剂

  • 人卵巢癌SKOV3和A2780细胞购自中国科学院武汉细胞库,McCoy’s 5A培养基购自美国Gibco公司,RPMI 1640培养基和DMEM/F12培养基购自美国Cytiva公司,慢病毒基因过表达载体(pLV-EF1α-MCS-IRES-Bsd)购自美国Biosettia公司,B27、人上皮生长因子(hEGF)、碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(bFGF)、Lipo-fectamineTM 3000细胞转染试剂和总RNA提取试剂TRIzol购自美国Invitrogen公司,RNA反转录试剂盒和Real-time PCR试剂盒购自上海翌圣生物公司,BCA蛋白定量试剂盒购自美国Thermo公司,辣根过氧化物酶(HRP)标记的二抗购自北京中杉金桥生物公司,ECL化学发光显色试剂盒购自美国Millipore公司。

  • 1.2 稳定细胞系的构建

  • 慢病毒PFKFB4过表达质粒(pLV-PFKFB4)前期已构建好。按照本课题组前期已报道的方法[4],将PFKFB4过表达质粒及相应空载体质粒(pLV-MCS)包装成病毒。分别用包装好的pLV-PFKFB4和pLV-MCS病毒对SKOV3和A2780细胞进行感染,48 h后用杀稻瘟菌素(Bsd)进行筛选,待野生型细胞被全部杀死,存活的细胞进行扩大培养,经Western blot验证PFKFB4过表达效果后冻存备用。

  • 1.3 Real-time PCR

  • 用TRIzol试剂提取总RNA,并按照说明书的步骤使用RNA反转录试剂盒进行反转录。Real-time PCR试剂使用Hieff® qPCR SYBR Green Master Mix试剂盒,并在qTOWER³ G touch实时热循环仪(Analytik Jena,德国)中进行。反应条件为:95℃预变性5 min,95℃变性10 s,60℃退火30 s,共40个循环。所用引物序列如下,BNIP3:F为5-CCTCAGCATGAGGAACACGA-3,R为5-AAAAGGTGCTGGTGGAGGTT-3;GAPDH:F为5-CTCTGATTTGGTCGTATTGGG-3,R为5-TGGAAGATGGTGATGGGATT-3。SOX2、OCT4和NANOG引物参考本课题组前期已发表的文章[4]。GAPDH为内参基因,利用2-∆∆Ct法计算mRNA的相对表达水平。实验重复3次。

  • 1.4 Western blot

  • 按照课题组前期已报道的方法进行western blot实验[4]。Western blot中用到的抗体如下:OCT4、NANOG、PFKFB4和BNIP3抗体购自美国Abcam公司,SOX2和β-actin抗体购自美国Santa Cruz公司,LC3和p62抗体购自美国CST公司。实验重复3次。

  • 1.5 成球实验

  • 将细胞消化制成单细胞悬液,铺种到不贴壁的48孔板中,每孔大约1×103个细胞。成球培养基使用无血清的RPMI 1640培养基,并添加1×B27、20 ng/mL的hEGF和20 ng/mL的bFGF。在5%的CO2,37℃条件下培养7 d左右。成球后,在显微镜下记录成球的数量并采集图像。

  • 1.6 统计学处理

  • 使用基因表达谱交互分析(GEPIA,http://gepia.cancer-pku.cn/)在线软件分析癌症基因组图谱计划(TCGA)数据库分析基因表达的相关性。用GraphPad Prism 8软件对本研究数据进行分析并绘图。正态分布的数据以x-±s表示,两组间比较采用t检验。以P<0.05表示差异有统计学意义。

  • 2 结果

  • 2.1 过表达PFKFB4促进卵巢癌细胞的干性

  • Real-time PCR和Western blot实验结果显示,PFKFB4过表达组SKOV3和A2780细胞的干性相关转录因子SOX2、OCT4和NANOG的mRNA和蛋白水平均显著高于对照组(见图1A-1C,P<0.001)。成球实验结果显示,PFKFB4过表达组SKOV3和A2780细胞的成球数量显著高于对照组(见图1D-1E,P<0.001)。表明过表达PFKFB4可促进卵巢癌细胞的干性。

  • 图1 过表达PFKFB4对卵巢癌细胞干性的影响

  • 2.2 自噬促进卵巢癌细胞的干性

  • Western blot实验结果显示,与对照组(Ctrl组)相比,雷帕霉素处理组(Rap组)SKOV3和A2780细胞的干性相关转录因子SOX2、OCT4和NANOG的蛋白水平显著升高(见图2A-2B,P<0.001)。成球实验结果显示,与对照组相比,雷帕霉素处理组SKOV3和A2780细胞的成球数量显著增多(见图2C-2D,P<0.001)。表明自噬可促进卵巢癌细胞的干性。

  • 2.3 过表达PFKFB4促进卵巢癌细胞的自噬

  • Western blot实验结果显示,与对照组相比,PFKFB4过表达组SKOV3和A2780细胞的p62蛋白水平明显降低,LC3B-Ⅱ蛋白水平明显升高(见图3)。表明过表达PFKFB4可促进卵巢癌细胞的自噬。

  • 2.4 过表达PFKFB4促进卵巢癌细胞BNIP3的表达

  • TCGA数据库分析结果显示,在卵巢癌组织中PFKFB4与自噬关键基因BNIP3的mRNA表达水平呈正相关(见图4A)。Real-time PCR实验结果显示,PFKFB4过表达组SKOV3和A2780细胞BNIP3的mRNA水平显著高于对照组(见图4B,P<0.001);Western blot实验结果显示,PFKFB4过表达组SKOV3和A2780细胞BNIP3的蛋白水平显著高于对照组(见图4C-4D,P<0.001)。表明过表达PFKFB4可促进卵巢癌细胞中BNIP3的表达。

  • 3 讨论

  • 卵巢癌是最致命的妇科癌症,也是第八大最常见的女性癌症。卵巢癌复发和对化疗的耐药性会带来重大问题并转化为不良结果。研究表明,肿瘤干细胞(cancer stem cells,CSCs)是化疗耐药和肿瘤复发的根本所在[5]。这些细胞对肿瘤的起始也至关重要,因为它们具有自我更新、分化、避免免疫破坏及促进炎症和血管生成的能力。因此,靶向CSCs对提高卵巢癌治疗的有效性非常重要。本课题组前期研究结果表明,PFKFB4可促进乳腺癌细胞的干性[4];在卵巢癌中,PFKFB4可促进卵巢癌细胞的增殖和转移[6]。推测PFKFB4对卵巢癌细胞的干性可能具有促进作用。前期研究发现,PFKFB4对多种肿瘤的CSCs干性维持均具有促进作用,包括神经胶质瘤、乳腺癌和口腔鳞状细胞癌等[47-8]。本研究以人上皮性卵巢癌细胞SKOV3和A2780为研究对象,通过慢病毒系统构建了PFKFB4过表达的SKOV3和A2780稳定细胞系,发现过表达PFKFB4可促进卵巢癌细胞的干性。机制方面,本研究发现激活自噬可以促进卵巢细胞的干性,而过表达PFKFB4可促进卵巢癌细胞的自噬水平。进一步研究发现,在卵巢癌组织中PFKFB4与调控自噬的关键基因BNIP3表达高度正相关,过表达PFKFB4可促进卵巢癌细胞中BNIP3的表达。表明PFKFB4可能通过BNIP3介导的自噬促进卵巢癌细胞的干性。

  • 图2 激活自噬对卵巢癌细胞干性的影响

  • 图3 过表达PFKFB4对卵巢癌细胞自噬的影响

  • 图4 过表达PFKFB4对卵巢癌细胞BNIP3表达的影响

  • 自肿瘤干细胞理论建立及CSCs被发现以来,自噬被认为是CSCs稳态、消除或扩散的关键机制。本研究通过自噬激活剂雷帕霉素激活卵巢癌SKOV3和A2780细胞的自噬,发现SKOV3和A2780细胞的干性相关转录因子SOX2、OCT4和NANOG蛋白表达明显升高,成球数量显著增多,即SKOV3和A2780细胞的干性增强,表明自噬可促进卵巢细胞的干性维持。大量研究表明,不管是正常干细胞还是乳腺癌、胰腺癌、膀胱癌、结直肠癌、慢性粒细胞白血病和胶质母细胞瘤等多种肿瘤类型的CSCs,自噬可能是维持其干性的必要条件[9-11]。据报道,正常组织干细胞的存活和静止依赖于自噬,自噬也促进多能性。在CSCs中,自噬促进干细胞标志物(如CD44)的表达及间充质标志物(如vimentin)的表达[9]。自噬还促进体内肿瘤发生中的球状体形成,这与维持CSCs的关键作用一致[10]。此外,抑制自噬可限制肿瘤休眠并促进转移瘤的生长[12]。有研究显示,自噬通过调控FOXA2基因的表达促进卵巢癌干细胞干性的维持[13],这与本研究结果一致。

  • 本研究通过LC3B及p62追踪自噬过程,发现过表达PFKFB4能显著促进卵巢癌SKOV3和A2780细胞中LC3B-II的表达和p62的降解,表明PFKFB4可显著促进卵巢癌细胞的自噬过程。2015年,Strohecker等[14]在删除自噬货物受体和底物p62后,通过高通量shRNA筛选将PFKFB4鉴定为一种新型自噬调节因子。PFKFB4最初在该研究中被发现为自噬刺激剂。然而,接下来研究者使用前列腺癌细胞和非小细胞肺癌细胞作为实验模型,发现敲低PFKFB4通过抑制活性氧(ROS)和p62的积累来增加自噬流。而在另一项关于小细胞肺癌的研究中,研究者发现敲低PFKFB4可显著降低自噬流[15]。这与前面的研究结果并不一致,表明在小细胞肺癌中,PFKFB4可能通过抑制ROS或p62 积累以外的机制调节自噬。这些不一致的研究结果表明,PFKFB4对自噬的调控方向可能与肿瘤类型和具体的作用背景有关。

  • Bcl-2/腺病毒E1B相互作用蛋白3(BNIP3)是仅存在BH3结构域的Bcl-2蛋白家族成员。BNIP3被发现在癌变过程中发挥重要作用[16]。据报道,在肺癌、多形性胶质母细胞瘤、卵巢癌、乳腺癌和胃腺癌中,BNIP3蛋白的表达上调[17-19]。此外,BNIP3的表达增强通常与侵袭性肿瘤表型和不良预后相关[16]。例如,在非小细胞肺癌中检测到BNIP3蛋白水平升高,BNIP3蛋白的高表达与早期预后不良相关[17]。同样,BNIP3在导管癌中的过表达与肿瘤复发的高风险和较短的无病生存期相关[20]。BNIP3是调控自噬的关键基因。据报道,BNIP3有助于缺氧条件下的自噬细胞存活[2122]。此外,外源表达BNIP3和BNIP3L在常氧环境下也可诱导自噬[21]。BNIP3可通过多种机制促进自噬[23]。首先,通过与Beclin-1竞争Bcl-2的结合,从而将Beclin-1从Bcl-2复合物中解放出来,进一步导致自噬的激活[21]。另一种可能的机制是抑制哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶点(mTOR)的上游激活剂Rheb[24]。在卵巢癌中,有研究表明通过抑制BNIP3介导的线粒体自噬可以降低卵巢癌的顺铂耐药性[25]。本研究通过分析TCGA数据库,发现在人卵巢癌组织中PFKFB4与BNIP3表达呈高度正相关。为了确定PFKFB4对BNIP3的表达是否具有调控作用,本研究在过表达PFKFB4的SKOV3和A2780细胞中检测了BNIP3的表达,发现BNIP3的mRNA水平和蛋白水平均明显升高。这表明PFKFB4可能通过促进BNIP3的表达来增强卵巢癌细胞的自噬。BNIP3启动子具有缺氧反应元件(HRE),HIF-1α可结合到HRE位置并激活BNIP3启动子,从而促进BNIP3的表达[26]。一项发表在《Nature》上的研究显示,PFKFB4可作为蛋白激酶与SRC-3(NCOA3)直接结合,并使SRC-3第857位丝氨酸(S857)发生磷酸化[27]。此外,已有研究报道,S857磷酸化的SRC-3能够与HIF1α相互作用并结合到含有HRE的靶基因启动子上,激活靶基因的转录表达[28]。推测在卵巢癌细胞中PFKFB4可使SRC-3发生S857位点的磷酸化,进而磷酸化的SRC-3与HIF-1α相互作用结合并激活BNIP3的启动子,最终促进BNIP3的转录表达,具体的分子机制需要更多的分子生物学实验来证明。

  • 综上所述,本研究通过构建过表达PFKFB4的卵巢癌稳定细胞系,证明PFKFB4可促进卵巢癌细胞的干性,其机制可能是PFKFB4通过促进自噬关键基因BNIP3的表达增强自噬,进而促进卵巢癌细胞的干性,具体的机制有待更多的分子生物学实验进行验证。本研究为PFKFB4作为卵巢癌的治疗靶点提供了实验依据。

  • 参考文献

    • [1] Siegel R,Miller K,Wagle NS,et al.Cancer statistics,2023 [J].CA Cancer J Clin,2023,73(1):17-48.

    • [2] Ciucci A,Buttarelli M,Fagotti A,et al.Preclinical models of epithelial ovarian cancer:practical considerations and challenges for a meaningful application[J].Cell Mol Life Sci,2022,79(7):364.

    • [3] Lheureux S,Gourley C,Vergote I,et al.Epithelial ovarian cancer[J].Lancet,2019,393(10177):1240-1253.

    • [4] Gao RF,Li D,Xun J,et al.CD44ICD promotes breast cancer stemness via PFKFB4-mediated glucose metabolism[J].Theranostics,2018,8(22):6248-6262.

    • [5] Batlle E,Clevers H.Cancer stem cells revisited[J].Nat Med,2017,23(10):1124-1134.

    • [6] 高瑞芳,荀敬,李宁昕,等.6-磷酸果糖-2-激酶/果糖-2,6-二磷酸酶4对癌细胞的增殖及迁移的影响及机制研究[J].中国中西医结合外科杂志,2021,27(3):503-508.

    • [7] Goidts V,Bageritz J,Puccio L,et al.RNAi screening in glioma stem-like cells identifies PFKFB4 as a key molecule important for cancer cell survival[J].Oncogene,2012,31(27):3235-3243.

    • [8] Hu KF,Shu CW,Lee CH,et al.Comparative clinical significance and biological roles of PFKFB family members in oral squamous cell carcinoma[J].Cancer Cell Int,2023,23(1):257.

    • [9] Cufí S,Vazquez-Martin A,Oliveras-Ferraros C,et al.Autophagy positively regulates the CD44+ CD24(-/low)breast cancer stem-like phenotype[J].Cell Cycle,2011,10(22):3871-3885.

    • [10] Gong C,Bauvy C,Tonelli G,et al.Beclin 1 and autophagy are required for the tumorigenicity of breast cancer stem-like/progenitor cells[J].Oncogene,2013,32(18):2261-2272.

    • [11] Smith AG,MacLeod KF.Autophagy,cancer stem cells and drug resistance[J].J Pathol,2019,247(5):708-718.

    • [12] Vera-Ramirez L,Vodnala SK,Nini R,et al.Autophagy promotes the survival of dormant breast cancer cells and metastatic tumour recurrence[J].Nat Commun,2018,9(1):1944.

    • [13] Peng QH,Qin JL,Zhang YN,et al.Autophagy maintains the stemness of ovarian cancer stem cells by FOXA2[J].J Exp Clin Cancer Res,2017,36(1):171.

    • [14] Strohecker AM,Joshi S,Possemato R,et al.Identification of 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase as a novel autophagy regulator by high content shRNA screening[J].Oncogene,2015,34(45):5662-5676.

    • [15] Wang QY,Zeng FR,Sun YQ,et al.Etk interaction with PFKFB4 modulates chemoresistance of small-cell lung cancer by regulating autophagy[J].Clin Cancer Res,2018,24(4):950-962.

    • [16] Vijayalingam S,Pillai SG,Rashmi R,et al.Overexpression of BH3-only protein BNIP3 leads to enhanced tumor growth[J].Genes Cancer,2010,1(9):964-971.

    • [17] 陈国庆,叶萍,徐玲,等.BNIP3介导的线粒体自噬对低氧环境下卵巢癌HO-8910PM细胞侵袭转移的影响[J].天津医药,2020,48(8):700-704+801.

    • [18] Burton TR,Gibson SB.The role of Bcl-2 family member BNIP3 in cell death and disease:nipping at the heels of cell death[J].Cell Death Differ,2009,16(4):515-523.

    • [19] Sowter HM,Ferguson M,Pym C,et al.Expression of the cell death genes BNip3 and NIX in ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast;correlation of BNip3 levels with necrosis and grade[J].J Pathol,2003,201(4):573-580.

    • [20] Tan EY,Campo L,Han C,et al.BNIP3 as a progression marker in primary human breast cancer;opposing functions in in situ versus invasive cancer[J].Clin Cancer Res,2007,13(2 Pt 1):467-474.

    • [21] Bellot G,Garcia-Medina R,Gounon P,et al.Hypoxia-induced autophagy is mediated through hypoxia-inducible factor induction of BNIP3 and BNIP3L via their BH3 domains[J].Mol Cell Biol,2009,29(10):2570-2581.

    • [22] Zhang L,Li L,Liu H,et al.BNIP3 mediates cell death by different pathways following localization to endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondrion[J].FASEB J,2009,23(10):3405-3414.

    • [23] Ney PA.Mitochondrial autophagy:origins,significance,and role of BNIP3 and NIX[J].Biochim Biophys Acta,2015,1853(10 Pt B):2775-2783.

    • [24] Li Y,Wang YA,Kim E,et al.Bnip3 mediates the hypoxia-induced inhibition on mammalian target of rapamycin by interacting with Rheb[J].J Biol Chem,2007,282(49):35803-35813.

    • [25] Vianello C,Cocetta V,Catanzaro D,et al.Cisplatin resistance can be curtailed by blunting Bnip3-mediated mitochondrial autophagy[J].Cell Death Dis,2022,13(4):398.

    • [26] Guo K,Searfoss G,Krolikowski D,et al.Hypoxia induces the expression of the pro-apoptotic gene BNIP3[J].Cell Death Differ,2001,8(4):367-376.

    • [27] Dasgupta S,Rajapakshe K,Zhu BK,et al.Metabolic enzyme PFKFB4 activates transcriptional coactivator SRC-3 to drive breast cancer[J].Nature,2018,556(7700):249-254.

    • [28] Wu MY,Fu JJ,Xu JM,et al.Steroid receptor coactivator 3 regulates autophagy in breast cancer cells through macrophage migration inhibitory factor[J].Cell Res,2012,22(6):1003-1021.

图1 过表达PFKFB4对卵巢癌细胞干性的影响

图2 激活自噬对卵巢癌细胞干性的影响

图3 过表达PFKFB4对卵巢癌细胞自噬的影响

图4 过表达PFKFB4对卵巢癌细胞BNIP3表达的影响

图表 1/1

  • 参考文献

    • [1] Siegel R,Miller K,Wagle NS,et al.Cancer statistics,2023 [J].CA Cancer J Clin,2023,73(1):17-48.

    • [2] Ciucci A,Buttarelli M,Fagotti A,et al.Preclinical models of epithelial ovarian cancer:practical considerations and challenges for a meaningful application[J].Cell Mol Life Sci,2022,79(7):364.

    • [3] Lheureux S,Gourley C,Vergote I,et al.Epithelial ovarian cancer[J].Lancet,2019,393(10177):1240-1253.

    • [4] Gao RF,Li D,Xun J,et al.CD44ICD promotes breast cancer stemness via PFKFB4-mediated glucose metabolism[J].Theranostics,2018,8(22):6248-6262.

    • [5] Batlle E,Clevers H.Cancer stem cells revisited[J].Nat Med,2017,23(10):1124-1134.

    • [6] 高瑞芳,荀敬,李宁昕,等.6-磷酸果糖-2-激酶/果糖-2,6-二磷酸酶4对癌细胞的增殖及迁移的影响及机制研究[J].中国中西医结合外科杂志,2021,27(3):503-508.

    • [7] Goidts V,Bageritz J,Puccio L,et al.RNAi screening in glioma stem-like cells identifies PFKFB4 as a key molecule important for cancer cell survival[J].Oncogene,2012,31(27):3235-3243.

    • [8] Hu KF,Shu CW,Lee CH,et al.Comparative clinical significance and biological roles of PFKFB family members in oral squamous cell carcinoma[J].Cancer Cell Int,2023,23(1):257.

    • [9] Cufí S,Vazquez-Martin A,Oliveras-Ferraros C,et al.Autophagy positively regulates the CD44+ CD24(-/low)breast cancer stem-like phenotype[J].Cell Cycle,2011,10(22):3871-3885.

    • [10] Gong C,Bauvy C,Tonelli G,et al.Beclin 1 and autophagy are required for the tumorigenicity of breast cancer stem-like/progenitor cells[J].Oncogene,2013,32(18):2261-2272.

    • [11] Smith AG,MacLeod KF.Autophagy,cancer stem cells and drug resistance[J].J Pathol,2019,247(5):708-718.

    • [12] Vera-Ramirez L,Vodnala SK,Nini R,et al.Autophagy promotes the survival of dormant breast cancer cells and metastatic tumour recurrence[J].Nat Commun,2018,9(1):1944.

    • [13] Peng QH,Qin JL,Zhang YN,et al.Autophagy maintains the stemness of ovarian cancer stem cells by FOXA2[J].J Exp Clin Cancer Res,2017,36(1):171.

    • [14] Strohecker AM,Joshi S,Possemato R,et al.Identification of 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase as a novel autophagy regulator by high content shRNA screening[J].Oncogene,2015,34(45):5662-5676.

    • [15] Wang QY,Zeng FR,Sun YQ,et al.Etk interaction with PFKFB4 modulates chemoresistance of small-cell lung cancer by regulating autophagy[J].Clin Cancer Res,2018,24(4):950-962.

    • [16] Vijayalingam S,Pillai SG,Rashmi R,et al.Overexpression of BH3-only protein BNIP3 leads to enhanced tumor growth[J].Genes Cancer,2010,1(9):964-971.

    • [17] 陈国庆,叶萍,徐玲,等.BNIP3介导的线粒体自噬对低氧环境下卵巢癌HO-8910PM细胞侵袭转移的影响[J].天津医药,2020,48(8):700-704+801.

    • [18] Burton TR,Gibson SB.The role of Bcl-2 family member BNIP3 in cell death and disease:nipping at the heels of cell death[J].Cell Death Differ,2009,16(4):515-523.

    • [19] Sowter HM,Ferguson M,Pym C,et al.Expression of the cell death genes BNip3 and NIX in ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast;correlation of BNip3 levels with necrosis and grade[J].J Pathol,2003,201(4):573-580.

    • [20] Tan EY,Campo L,Han C,et al.BNIP3 as a progression marker in primary human breast cancer;opposing functions in in situ versus invasive cancer[J].Clin Cancer Res,2007,13(2 Pt 1):467-474.

    • [21] Bellot G,Garcia-Medina R,Gounon P,et al.Hypoxia-induced autophagy is mediated through hypoxia-inducible factor induction of BNIP3 and BNIP3L via their BH3 domains[J].Mol Cell Biol,2009,29(10):2570-2581.

    • [22] Zhang L,Li L,Liu H,et al.BNIP3 mediates cell death by different pathways following localization to endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondrion[J].FASEB J,2009,23(10):3405-3414.

    • [23] Ney PA.Mitochondrial autophagy:origins,significance,and role of BNIP3 and NIX[J].Biochim Biophys Acta,2015,1853(10 Pt B):2775-2783.

    • [24] Li Y,Wang YA,Kim E,et al.Bnip3 mediates the hypoxia-induced inhibition on mammalian target of rapamycin by interacting with Rheb[J].J Biol Chem,2007,282(49):35803-35813.

    • [25] Vianello C,Cocetta V,Catanzaro D,et al.Cisplatin resistance can be curtailed by blunting Bnip3-mediated mitochondrial autophagy[J].Cell Death Dis,2022,13(4):398.

    • [26] Guo K,Searfoss G,Krolikowski D,et al.Hypoxia induces the expression of the pro-apoptotic gene BNIP3[J].Cell Death Differ,2001,8(4):367-376.

    • [27] Dasgupta S,Rajapakshe K,Zhu BK,et al.Metabolic enzyme PFKFB4 activates transcriptional coactivator SRC-3 to drive breast cancer[J].Nature,2018,556(7700):249-254.

    • [28] Wu MY,Fu JJ,Xu JM,et al.Steroid receptor coactivator 3 regulates autophagy in breast cancer cells through macrophage migration inhibitory factor[J].Cell Res,2012,22(6):1003-1021.

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