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通讯作者:

马剑雄,E-mail:18522802909@163.com

中图分类号:R687.4+2

文献标识码:A

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1007-6948.2024.01.029

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目录contents

    摘要

    膝骨关节炎的手术治疗方式有多种。全膝关节置换术作为晚期膝骨关节炎患者的治疗方法,虽然是公认的金标准,但是仍存在术后感染、假体松动、下沉、位置不良等风险。现就全膝关节置换术的术前、术中和术后阶段的研究进展进行综述,以指导临床上选择合适方法提高患者术后满意度。

  • 膝骨关节炎(knee osteoarthritis,KOA)是一种全球性疾病,也是人类疼痛、残疾和失业的主要原因[1-2]。随着人口老龄化,膝骨关节炎的患病率将在未来十年大幅上升,与此同时,膝关节置换术的数量也将增加[3-4]。由于缺乏改善疾病的治疗方法和过早死亡的风险增加[5],学界与临床实践界的关注已逐渐转向对于可干预的风险因素的界定。全膝关节置换术(total knee arthroplasty,TKA)的目的在于减轻疼痛、提升身体功能,并提高整体生活质量,该手术被视为晚期KOA患者的首选方法,特别适用于对药物治疗无反应的患者,被认为是手术治疗的黄金标准[6-7]。KOA患者进行TKA后,虽然起到了有效的临床效果,但术后一旦出现关节感染、下肢静脉血栓等并发症,极易加重患者的痛苦,甚至造成患肢功能障碍,严重则会威胁患者的生命安全[8]。因此,对于TKA在KOA治疗中的研究仍具备显著的学术价值。本文通过回顾近年来国内外范围内关于TKA应用于KOA患者治疗的相关文献,对TKA的术前、术中和术后阶段的研究进展进行综述。

  • 1 术前预防

  • 1.1 TKA术前消毒

  • TKA后手术部位感染被认为是最严重的术后并发症之一。手术部位细菌的存在是最重要的危险因素,因此,通过适当的术前皮肤准备来预防感染,是至关重要的。Cho等[9]比较50例聚维酮碘擦洗和涂抹、50例聚维酮碘擦洗后葡萄糖酸氯己定涂抹和50例葡萄糖酸氯己定擦洗后聚维酮碘涂抹在TKA前的皮肤准备效果,结果发现与聚维酮碘擦洗和涂抹法相比,聚维酮碘擦洗后的葡萄糖酸氯己定涂抹法和葡萄糖酸氯己定擦洗后聚维酮碘涂抹法具有更好的杀灭自然细菌效果。Postler等[10]对118例患者随机接受涂层或标准种植体,评估膝关节功能和患者报告的结果。在手术前、手术后1年和5年,测定了血样中铬、钴、钼和镍离子浓度,研究表明,涂层植入物和标准植入物TKA的中期结果相似,使用涂层植入物在TKA中没有缺点。

  • 1.2 TKA术前患者心理辅导

  • 术前抑郁和焦虑与TKA后1~2年的高疼痛水平相关。术前抑郁还与术前疼痛严重程度密切相关,心理压力对功能结果有负面影响[11]。Percope等[12]采用随机对照试验,对79例连续接受TKA的患者进行随机对照试验。45例患者接受标准教育(对照组),34例患者接受差异化教育(干预组),结果表明,KOA患者进行TKA之前,对其进行多学科强化指导,包括由骨科医生、护士和物理治疗师安排的讲座,内容涉及术前和术后护理、疼痛管理、获得运动康复练习、手术的基本步骤以及使用助行器行走的重要性。在短期评估中,多学科团队的差异化教育计划对接受TKA患者的功能结果、改善关节活动度(ROM)和行走能力有积极影响。刘晓宇等[13]对183例TKA的患者进行问卷调查,通过便利抽样法和多元线性回归分析法,结果表明TKA患者术前心理弹性整体水平较低,医护人员重视患者健康教育与心理辅导,增加患者的自我效能和希望水平,可避免消极应对方式,对患者术后恢复有积极效果。

  • 2 术中治疗

  • 2.1 TKA术中止血带的使用

  • TKA是治疗终末期膝骨关节炎最有效的手术方法。该类侵入性外科手术与显著的血液流失相关,在特定情境下或许需要进行输血干预。因此,对手术室效率和手术治疗质量的要求越来越高[14]。止血带(tourniquet,TNQ)是TKA的一个重要步骤,其作用在于减少术中失血和改善手术视野。目前已被公认为TKA期间的一种标准方法[15-17]。但是在全膝关节成形术中使用止血带的有效性和安全性存在很大争议。Dragosloveanu等[18]对190例TKA后的患者进行了随机对照试验,其中,有96例患者在手术中采用了止血带,而94例患者未使用止血带。研究发现,在TKA中不使用止血带并未显著增加术后出血量,并且还能有效缩短手术时间。此外,患者术后的膝关节功能亦未观察到明显差异。Hung等[19]对110例(55例使用止血带,55例不使用止血带)TKA术者进行随机对照试验,结果两组患者术中失血量相似,且使用止血带术后股四头肌恢复耗时更长,其他检查的临床参数均无显著差异。Hamawandi等[20]对101例接受TKA治疗的KOA患者随机分为两组。A组使用止血带,B组不使用止血带,随访5年,两组均采用膝关节学会评分(KSS)、膝关节损伤和骨关节炎结果评分(KOOS)、大腿疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)和术后并发症进行评估,结果表明,在TKA不使用止血带可以改善术后早期的功能结果,两组患者功能结果无显著差异。Pavão等[21]对于127例接受TKA的KOA患者进行了前瞻性评估,结果表明,在手术进行过程中,是否采用止血带对于手术时机、出血量、大腿和膝盖疼痛、水肿、关节活动度、功能评分及术后并发症等方面,并无显著差异。

  • 2.2 TKA术中辅助机器人的介入

  • 机器人技术于20世纪80年代首次引入骨科手术,以提高植入物定位和假体对齐的准确性,并减少与传统手工技术相比的并发症发生率[22]。机器人辅助膝骨关节炎(robot assisted knee osteoarthritis,r-TKA)提高了外科医生的术前计划能力和术中实时动态参考。术中实时运动学评估可以对骨关节炎膝关节和新假体膝关节进行比较[23]。然而,由于缺乏与传统TKA比较的长期临床和功能结果,而且考虑到TKA术中辅助机器人会导致成本增加和手术时间延长,致使对机器人TKA的信任受到限制[24]。机器人技术的数据不断涌现,使得临床医师应谨慎、客观地审视它们的潜在好处。

  • Adamska等[25]对215例(NAVIO机器辅助TKA 76例,CORI机器辅助TKA 71例和传统行TKA 68例)KOA患者的效果进行比较,结果表明,在成本效益和手术时间方面,与传统TKA方法相比,r-TKA并不具有足够强的优势。Jung等[26]比较50例行传统TKA和50例行r-TKA的效果,结果表明r-TKA和传统TKA的手术时间和患者术后恢复时间无显著差异。Xu等[27]对72例(国产r-TKA37例,TKA35例)患者研究发现,国产r-TKA比传统TKA需要更多的时间,且术后短期膝关节功能结果无明显差异。Farhan-Alanie等[28]研究199例KOA患者,随机分为EM导航TKA与常规TKA两组,在10年的随访中,两组的翻修率和临床结果没有差异。患者专用器械(patient specific instruments,PSI)的开发是为了在全膝关节成形术中使用时产生更精确的组件对准,从而改善临床结果。Hampton等[29]对77例(PSI组38例,传统器械组39例)患者进行了至少5年的随访,发现与传统器械组相比, PSI在改善对线或功能结果方面,没有额外的益处。

  • 3 术后康复

  • 3.1 TKA术后抗凝

  • 成功的TKA好处是显著的,能够使无痛的膝关节运动和患者恢复大部分的日常活动。然而,术中和术后大量失血和继发性急性贫血是关节外科医生关注的主要问题。有研究表明,TKA在缺乏血液保护措施的情况下,围手术期出血量可高达2 000 mL,输血率为10%~62%,输血在术后并发症中起着重要作用[30]。如何在不增加血栓形成风险的前提下,有效减少围手术期出血是目前研究的热点。

  • Chang等[31]通过对141例患者进行随机对照试验,探究在治疗过程中静脉注射(IV)和口服氨甲环酸(tranexamic acid,TXA)的联合应用是否比单独静脉注射TXA更有效地减少血红蛋白(Hb)水平下降。他们还评估额外口服TXA的使用是否会导致深静脉血栓形成(DVT)和症状性肺栓塞(PE)等并发症的增加。尽管并发症发生率没有上升,但研究结果显示,在静脉注射TXA后连续使用口服TXA长达5 d并没有减少Hb的下降程度。因此,综合研究数据,不建议采用口服和静脉注射TXA联合应用。Xue等[32]对168例55岁以上TKA患者进行前瞻性随机对照研究。TKA术后短期静脉应用TXA可降低隐性失血量,但没有测量到VTE的实际发生率或血栓形成的潜在风险增加,在最初24 h后给予TXA没有显著影响。Huang等[33]研究发现连续冷冻疗法联合关节内注射TXA在TKA术后早期减少失血、疼痛、术后肿胀、增加ROM和关节功能方面具有短期优势,而不会增加任何严重并发症。McDonald等[34]对50例TKA术后患者研究发现,与术前和伤口闭合时接受围手术期静脉注射TXA的患者相比,对术后膝关节置换术患者口服TXA并不能进一步改善失血量。

  • 3.2 TKA术后镇痛

  • TKA术后的疼痛可能阻碍患者早期恢复,导致患者不满[35-37]。因此,术后疼痛管理对于TKA后的功能恢复、患者回归社会和患者满意度至关重要。Chan等[38]研究45例患者术后使用类固醇TKA局部浸润镇痛(local infiltration analgesia,LIA)的效果,结果表明,LIA中的类固醇在TKA后能提供额外且持久的疼痛控制和康复优势,在接下来的1年内没有发现任何不良反应。还有研究证明,LIA结合腘窝阻滞可以降低患者疼痛程度,减少阿片类药物消耗量,提高功能结果[39-40]。Mu等[41]对20例接受TKA的患者研究布托啡诺辅助罗哌卡因内收肌管阻滞对TKA患者术后镇痛的影响,发现布托啡诺加罗哌卡因超声引导下,内收肌管阻滞可延长感觉阻滞持续时间,缓解术后早期疼痛,改善膝关节活动度,不影响术后并发症的发生。

  • 3.3 TKA术后功能恢复

  • 目前,TKA代表了一种国际护理标准,在全球18个国家进行了 1 324 000例全膝关节置换和翻修手术,特别是在老龄化人群中[42]。尽管优化TKA手术方面已经取得了重大的技术进步[43],但一个关键的挑战仍然是行动障碍的康复,这会妨碍日常生活活动、社会参与和生活质量[44-45]。TKA后的康复过程,旨在恢复膝关节的力量和灵活性,改善日常生活和活动。然而,迄今为止,尚不清楚哪种力量训练在康复方案中能最有效地实现这一目标。因此,TKA术后康复指南包括力量训练/阻力运动是恢复膝关节功能的主要支柱[46-48]

  • 单侧力量训练比双侧训练能更有效地增加健康人的力量。Tilp等[49]将24例行TKA住院康复计划的患者随机分配到单侧和双侧力量训练组,发现与标准的双侧力量训练相比,单侧力量训练同样或更好地改善了力量和柔韧性。

  • An等[50]研究调查联合运动链练习(combined kinematic chain exercise,CCE)训练对40例TKA患者的身体功能、平衡能力和步态的积极影响,结果表明在TKA后的早期康复阶段,CCE训练可以作为功能性步态增强的基础,提高了患者的生活水平,防止跌倒并减少行走恐惧。由于疼痛和僵硬,接受TKA的老年人膝关节活动范围有限。Yokochi等[51]通过对23例KOA患者TKA术后用滚轮按摩器进行康复治疗,结果表明,滚轮按摩器干预可有效治疗患者TKA术后的僵硬和疼痛。Eymir等[52]比较渐进式肌肉放松(progressive muscle relaxation,PMR)+标准物理治疗(physical therapy,PT)与标准PT在160例(每组各80例)TKA患者住院康复期间的结果,发现PMR治疗在TKA患者住院期间的主观和客观测量中都有更好的效果。Kaseb等[53]研究72例患者接受TKA后采用半刚性延长支具对关节疼痛和功能的影响,36例试验组患者接受了术后8 d的半刚性伸展锁定膝关节支撑,而36例对照组没有,评价两组术前、术后第1天、第9天、第30天和第1年的膝关节学会评分(knee society score,KSS)、功能性KSS、疼痛视觉模拟评分(visual analog score,VAS)、术后阿片类止痛药用量(羟考酮片5 mg)和膝关节活动度,结果表明TKA术后立即使用延长锁定夹板是一种非侵入性、非药物性和廉价的干预措施,对膝关节活动度、短期功能改善和急性术后疼痛管理有良好的效果。

  • 弹力带运动不仅能提高肌肉的力量和弹性,提高效率、平衡能力和生活质量,还能降低受伤的风险。Çetinkaya等[54]研究60例TKA采用弹力带运动对疼痛、运动恐惧症、功能和心理状态的影响,结果表明,弹力带运动对患者的心理和功能有积极的影响。

  • 4 总结与展望

  • 综上所述,聚维酮碘擦洗和葡萄糖酸氯已定涂抹法具有更好的杀灭自然细菌的效果,术前心理辅导有助于患者术后康复。术中使用止血带,增加机器人辅助都对患者的术后恢复没有积极的效果。术后抗凝没有新的突破,多种方式结合镇痛可减少患者疼痛,合理的术后辅助运动能够使KOA患者TKA术后有积极的康复效果。相信未来可以尝试通过更多基础实验的研究,实验出更好的灭菌试剂,并且逐渐形成完善的术前心理辅导规范以及术后康复训练体系。同时各取所长,充分结合机器人辅助手术特长,发挥出医工结合的特点,减轻患者TKA手术带来的疼痛,提高患者满意度。

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