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通讯作者:

甘澍,E-mail:rain11125@163.com

中图分类号:R694

文献标识码:A

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1007-6948.2024.01.021

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参考文献 8
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参考文献 10
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参考文献 11
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参考文献 12
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参考文献 14
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参考文献 15
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参考文献 16
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参考文献 17
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目录contents

    摘要

    目的:探究淫羊藿治疗膀胱癌的关键活性成分及其作用机制。方法:利用中药系统药理学数据库与分析平台筛选淫羊藿药物活性成分及靶点,使用R语言筛选GSE13507和GSE37815差异基因,将药物与差异基因取交集后,运用TCGA和GEO数据库中临床信息分析和验证药物疾病靶点与膀胱癌预后关系。运用UALCAN数据库分析CCNB1表达与膀胱癌临床及病理资料的相关性。最后,TIMER分析膀胱癌中CCNB1表达与免疫细胞浸润及患者预后的关系。结果:共筛选出17个淫羊藿的有效成分和11个药物疾病靶点。靶点最多点的活性成分为槲皮素、木犀草素和山柰酚,活性成分作用最多的靶点为GSK3B和CCNB1。GSK3B与膀胱癌患者总生存期无关。CCNB1高表达于膀胱癌组织中,且与膀胱癌患者预后呈负相关。CCNB1表达与CD8+ T细胞浸润呈正相关,CD8+ T细胞浸润水平越高患者预后越差。结论:CCNB1是淫羊藿主要作用靶点,淫羊藿可通过靶向CCNB1调节CD8+ T细胞浸润而影响膀胱癌患者预后。

    Abstract

    Objective To investigate the key active components of Epimedium for the treatment of bladder cancer and its mechanism of action. Methods Employing the pharmacology database and analytical platform of the traditional Chinese medicine system to examine the active components and targets of herba epimedium,, and then utilized R to identify the GSE13507 and GSE37815 differential genes. Subsequently, we examined the correlation between the drugs and the prognosis of bladder cancer by consulting the clinical data in the TCGA and GEO databases. The UALCAN database was employed to examine the relationship between CCNB1 expression and the clinical and pathological data of bladder cancer. Ultimately, TIMER was employed to examine the correlation between CCNB1 expression, immune cell infiltration, and patient prognosis in bladder cancer. Results A total of 17 active ingredients and 11 drug disease targets were screened. The active ingredients with the most targets were quercetin, lignans and kaempferol, and the targets with the most active ingredients were GSK3B and CCNB1. The presence of GSK3B did not correlate with the overall survival of bladder cancer patients, while CCNB1 exhibited a high expression in bladder cancer tissues and a negative correlation with the prognosis of bladder cancer patients. The prognosis of patients deteriorates as the level of CD8+ T cell infiltration increases. Conclusion CCNB1 is the main target of Epimedium. Epimedium has the ability to control the infiltration of CD8+ T-cells by focusing on CCNB1, thereby influencing the outlook of individuals with bladder cancer.

  • 膀胱癌(bladder cancer,BCa)是泌尿系统最常见恶性肿瘤之一。近年来我国膀胱癌发病率呈逐年上升趋势,其中1998—2008年间膀胱癌发病率年均增长率高达4.60%[1-2]。经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术是治疗非肌层浸润性膀胱癌的主要方法,但术后5年复发率约为50%~70%[2]。抑制膀胱癌增殖复发是临床中亟待解决的关键问题。

  • 淫羊藿属于小檗科植物,其主要有效成分为黄酮类化合物,包括淫羊藿素、淫羊藿苷和槲皮素等,具有广泛的生物学活性,可通过调节细胞周期和促进细胞凋亡等生物学过程,抑制肿瘤细胞增殖、侵袭和转移[3-4]。研究发现淫羊藿素能有效抑制膀胱癌细胞T24和BT5637增殖和克隆形成,并且这种抑制作用呈剂量和时间依赖性;且淫羊藿素还能抑制表柔比星诱导的细胞自噬,协同表柔比星抑制T24和BT7637细胞增殖[5]。虽然,淫羊藿能有效抑制膀胱癌细胞增殖,但其有效成分及作用机制尚不明确。本研究通过网络药理学及生物信息学技术探究淫羊藿基于CCNB1诱导CD8+ T细胞浸润在膀胱癌中的作用及机制研究,为淫羊藿治疗膀胱癌提供理论基础和依据。

  • 1 材料和方法

  • 1.1 靶点筛选

  • 首先,应用中药系统药理学数据库与分析平台(TCMSP)[6],按药物口服生物利用度(oral bioavailability,OB)≥30%、类药性(drug likeness,DL)≥0.18筛选淫羊藿有效活性成分。并利用TCMSP检索药物活性成分作用靶点,将检索到的靶点导入UniProt(https://www.uniprot.org/)数据库进行标准化匹配,并过滤未验证的靶点。其次,从基因表达综合数据库(Gene Expression Omnibus,GEO)网址(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gds)下载基因表达谱数据集GSE13507(正常组织9例,肿瘤组织165例)和GSE37815(正常组织5例,肿瘤组织18例),利用R语言limma包筛选出差异表达基因(∣logFC∣≥ 1 或 P <0.05)。最后,利用R语言(R version3.6.2)将药物活性成分靶点与差异基因取交集,获得药物-疾病共同作用靶点。

  • 1.2 UALCAN数据库

  • 利用UALCAN(http://ualcan.path.uab.edu/) [7]结合癌症基因组图谱(the Cancer Genome Atlas,TCGA)数据库分析CCNB1表达与膀胱癌临床及病理资料的相关性。

  • 1.3 CCNB1表达对膀胱癌预后的影响

  • 利用TCGA和GEO数据库中膀胱癌临床信息,交互印证分析CCNB1表达对膀胱癌患者预后的影响。

  • 1.4 免疫浸润相关性分析

  • 利用TIMER(https://cistrome.shinyapps.io/timer/)[8]分析膀胱癌中CCNB1表达与B细胞、巨噬细胞及CD8+ T细胞等6种免疫细胞浸润的相关性。并进一步探究肿瘤免疫浸润与患者预后的关系。

  • 1.5 统计学分析

  • 所有数据用均数±标准差表示,组间比较采用t检验或Mann-Whitney U检验,预后分析采用Cox回归分析, P <0.05差异有统计学意义。

  • 2 结果

  • 2.1 淫羊藿有效活性成分及靶点

  • 应用TCMSP对淫羊藿有效活性成分及药物作用靶点进行筛选,共检索到有效成分130个,根据OB≥0.30和DL≥0.18共筛选出23个有效成分。利用Perl软件和UniProt数据库对TCMSP检索到的23个有效成分作用靶点进行标准化匹配和过滤,得到390个药物作用靶点,而作用靶点最多的有效成分为槲皮素(60)、木犀草素(33)和山柰酚(19)(表1),提示槲皮素、木犀草素和山柰酚可能是淫羊藿治疗膀胱癌的关键有效成分。

  • 2.2 药物疾病共同靶点

  • 将药物有效成分作用靶点与GSE13507和GSE37815差异基因取交集,得到11个共同靶点(图1 A),对应活性成分分别为槲皮素(quercetin)、木犀草素(luteolin)和山柰酚(kaempferol)等共8种(表1),其中活性成分作用最多的靶点为GSK3B(4)和CCNB1(2),提示GSK3B和CCNB1可能是淫羊藿治疗膀胱癌的关键作用靶点。

  • 2.3 靶点基因在膀胱癌中的差异表达情况及与预后关系

  • 使用TCGA数据库中膀胱癌RNAseq数据分析11个靶点基因在膀胱癌中配对表达情况,结果表明GSK3B、CCNB1、TOP2A、E2F2和IGFBP3在膀胱癌组织中表达显著高于正常组织。BCL2、CCL2、VCAM1、F3和MAOB在膀胱癌组织中表达显著下调,差异均有统计学意义(P <0.05)。VEGFA在肿瘤及正常组织中表达无统计学差异(P >0.05,见图1 B)。

  • TCGA膀胱癌数据预后分析结果显示:VCAM1、F3、MAOB及CCNB1高表达患者总生存期(overall survival,OS)预后较差,其中CCNB1高表达膀胱癌患者OS、疾病特异性生存期(disease specific survival,DSS)及无进展间隔(progress free interval,PFI)均较差(见图2A-2L)。同时采用GSE13507临床数据再次印证CCNB1高表达膀胱癌患者OS及DSS预后较差(见图2M-2N)。上述结果表明CCNB1在膀胱癌组织中表达情况与预后呈负相关。进一步采用ROC曲线图验证CCNB1在预测膀胱癌患者预后方面的诊断价值,结果显示:CCNB1在预测膀胱癌患者预后结局方面具有较好的诊断效能(AUC = 0.901,CI = 0.831~0.972,见图2O)。

  • 表1 3 组患者一般资料比较

  • 图1 药物-疾病共同靶点及在膀胱癌组织中表达情况

  • 2.4 CCNB1表达与膀胱癌临床及病理因素的相关性

  • UALCAN数据库分析CCNB1表达与种族、性别、年龄、体重、吸烟情况、肿瘤组织学类型、Stage分期及淋巴结转移的相关性,结果表明:除年龄21~40岁亚组及Stage1期膀胱癌患者CCNB1表达与正常组织差异无统计学意义外,其余所有膀胱癌患者CCNB1表达均高于正常组织(P <0.05)。亚组分析结果显示:白种人及非裔美国人膀胱癌患者CCNB1表达两者间无差异,但均高于亚洲人(P <0.001),提示CCNB1表达可能与种族相关。年龄亚组分析:41~60岁亚组、61~80岁亚组及81~100岁亚组膀胱癌患者CCNB1表达均高于21~40岁亚组(P <0.001),但三组间差异无统计学意义。组织学类型亚组分析:非乳头状膀胱癌患者CCNB1表达较乳头状瘤患者明显升高(P <0.001),提示CCNB1表达与肿瘤组织类型相关。而性别、体重、吸烟情况、Stage分期及淋巴结转移亚组间差异无统计学意义(P >0.05,见图3)。

  • 图2 淫羊藿及膀胱癌共同靶点预后情况

  • 图3 CCNB1表达与膀胱癌临床及病理因素的相关性

  • 2.5 CCNB1表达与免疫细胞浸润及预后相关性

  • 利用TIMER数据库分析膀胱癌中CCNB1表达与B细胞、CD8+ T细胞、CD4+ T细胞、巨噬细胞、中性粒细胞及树突状细胞浸润及预后相关性。结果显示:CCNB1表达与CD8+ T细胞(r = 0.315,P<0.001)、中性粒细胞(r = 0.228,P <0.001)及树突状细胞(r = 0.397,P <0.001)浸润呈正相关(见图4 A)。进一步利用TIMER数据库分析CCNB1表达和免疫细胞浸润对膀胱癌预后的影响,结果显示:CCNB1表达和CD8+ T细胞浸润与膀胱癌预后相关,CD8+ T细胞浸润水平越高患者预后越差(P = 0.006,见图4 B)。最后,本研究分析了膀胱癌中CCNB1表达与T细胞及CD8+ T细胞标志蛋白表达的相关性,结果显示:CCNB1与CD8A(r = 0.186,P <0.001) 及CD8B(r = 0.13,P<0.001)表达呈正相关(见图4 C)。提示CCNB1可通过调节膀胱癌组织中CD8+ T细胞浸润影响患者预后情况。

  • 图4 CCNB1表达与免疫细胞浸润及预后相关性

  • 3 讨论

  • 本研究首次应用网络药理学和生物信息学技术分析淫羊藿治疗膀胱癌的有效成分及作用靶点,共筛选出11个药物疾病共同靶点,作用靶点最多的有效成分为槲皮素、木犀草素和山柰酚,活性成分作用最多的靶点为GSK3B和CCNB1,其中CCNB1高表达于膀胱癌组织中,且CCNB1高表达患者OS、DSS及PFI预后均较差,CCNB1可通过调节CD8+ T细胞浸润影响患者预后情况。

  • 槲皮素、木犀草素和山柰酚均属于天然黄酮类物质具有抗肿瘤作用。槲皮素通过调节细胞存活信号通路(如:PI3K/AKT和FOXO1等)、凋亡调节分子(如:caspase和Bcl-2家族等)、细胞周期调节蛋白(如:p21、cyclinB和p27等)和活性氧自由基(ROS)形成等,抑制肿瘤细胞生长、增殖和侵袭,促进肿瘤细胞凋亡[39]。体外实验表明槲皮素可通过作用多个靶点和通路(如:增强AMPK磷酸化水平,DNA损伤等)抑制膀胱癌细胞生长增殖,诱导细胞凋亡,从而抑制肿瘤侵袭和迁移[310]。此外,槲皮素能够协同顺铂抑制膀胱癌细胞生物活性,诱导细胞凋亡[11]。木犀草素通过调节ADP核糖聚合酶水解、DNA碎片化和多聚腺苷酸二磷酸核糖转移酶(PARP)断裂,诱导膀胱癌RT112细胞凋亡[4]。木犀草素亦可通过上调p21表达及抑制mTOR信号通路,使细胞阻滞在G2/M期,抑制膀胱癌细胞增殖并诱导细胞凋亡[12]。山柰酚通过抑制AKT、CyclinD1、CDK4、Bid、Mcl-1、Bcl-xL磷酸化,并促进p53信号通路活化,使细胞滞留S期并诱导细胞凋亡,从而抑制膀胱癌生长[13]

  • 细胞周期蛋白B1(cyclin B1,CCNB1)是细胞成熟促进因子(maturation promoting factor,MPF)调节亚单位,与细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶1结合启动有丝分裂,在调节细胞周期G2/M转换中发挥关键作用[14]。研究发现CCNB1在胰腺癌[14]、肺癌[15]及肝癌[16]等多种肿瘤呈高表达状态,通过调节细胞增殖和周期分布参与肿瘤发生发展,且与患者预后不良密切相关。近年来研究发现CCNB1高表达于膀胱癌组织中,且高表达患者预后较差[17-18]。体外实验研究发现抑制CCNB1表达,能够显著抑制膀胱癌细胞增殖及生长[19]。本研究发现CCNB1高表达膀胱癌患者OS、DSS及PFI均较差,CCNB1在肿瘤组织中的表达情况与患者预后呈负相关。与上述研究结果基本一致。诊断ROC曲线图提示CCNB1在预测膀胱癌患者预后方面具有较好的诊断效能,提示CCNB1可作用膀胱癌药物治疗的新靶点。

  • 研究发现肝癌中CCNB1 mRNA表达与患者种族显著相关[20]。本研究中白种人及非裔美国人膀胱癌患者CCNB1表达均高于亚洲人,可能与欧洲及北美地区膀胱癌患者发病率较高相关[21]。吸烟是膀胱癌发生的危险因素,然而本研究中CCNB1表达与患者吸烟情况无统计学差异,提示吸烟可能不是通过介导CCNB1表达影响膀胱癌患者预后情况。研究发现CCNB1表达增加可作为非肌层浸润性膀胱癌复查的标志,提示CCNB1表达可能与膀胱癌病理类型及肿瘤恶性程度相关[18]。本研究中非乳头状膀胱癌患者CCNB1表达较乳头状瘤患者明显升高,表明CCNB1表达与肿瘤病理类型及恶性程度相关,与上述研究结果基本相符。

  • 肿瘤微环境免疫细胞浸润与肿瘤免疫逃逸密切相关。研究发现肝癌组织中CCNB1表达与CD4+ T细胞、CD8+ T细胞、中性粒细胞、巨噬细胞和树突状细胞的浸润水平呈正相关,表明CCNB1参与肿瘤微环境中免疫细胞浸润调控,从而导致肿瘤细胞发生免疫逃逸[16]。本研究发现CCNB1表达与CD8+ T细胞、中性粒细胞及树突状细胞浸润呈正相关,且CD8+ T细胞浸润与膀胱癌预后相关,CD8+ T细胞浸润水平越高患者预后越差,表明膀胱癌中CCNB1高表达通过诱导CD8+ T细胞浸润实现肿瘤免疫逃逸,从而导致患者预后较差。与上述研究结果基本一致。

  • 综上所述,本研究结果表明槲皮素及木犀草素和山柰酚可能是淫羊藿治疗膀胱癌关键有效成分。CCNB1是淫羊藿主要作用靶点,高表达于膀胱癌组织中,并且与膀胱癌患者预后呈负相关。CCNB1表达与CD8+ T细胞浸润呈正相关,CD8+ T细胞浸润水平越高患者预后越差。提示淫羊藿可通过靶向CCNB1调节CD8+ T细胞浸润,从而影响膀胱癌患者预后。尽管本研究对淫羊藿治疗膀胱癌的有效成分及分子机制进行了初步探究,但由于药物筛选条件过滤了部分活性成分,使结果具有局限性,同时CCNB1调控CD8+ T细胞浸润详细分子机制还有待基础实验进一步验证。

  • 参考文献

    • [1] 贺海蓉,李莉,冯敖梓,等.1990—2017年全球膀胱癌发病率和死亡率的研究[J].中国循证医学杂志,2020,20(11):1257-1265.

    • [2] Liu X,Jiang J,Yu C,et al.Secular trends in incidence and mortality of bladder cancer in China,1990-2017:a joinpoint and age-period-cohort analysis[J].Cancer Epidemiol,2019,61:95-103.

    • [3] Chestnut C,Subramaniam D,Dandawate P,et al.Targeting major signaling pathways of bladder cancer with phytochemicals:a review[J].Nutr Cancer,2021,73(11/12):2249-2271.

    • [4] Kilani-Jaziri S,Frachet V,Bhouri W,et al.Flavones inhibit the proliferation of human tumor cancer cell lines by inducing apoptosis[J].Drug Chem Toxicol,2012,35(1):1-10.

    • [5] Pan XW,Li L,Huang Y,et al.Icaritin acts synergistically with epirubicin to suppress bladder cancer growth through inhibition of autophagy[J].Oncol Rep,2016,35(1):334-342.

    • [6] Ru J,Li P,Wang J,et al.TCMSP:a database of systems pharmacology for drug discovery from herbal medicines[J].J Cheminform,2014,6:13.

    • [7] Chandrashekar DS,Bashel B,Balasubramanya SAH,et al.UALCAN:a portal for facilitating tumor subgroup gene expression and survival analyses[J].Neoplasia,2017,19(8):649-658.

    • [8] Li T,Fan J,Wang B,et al.TIMER:a web server for comprehensive analysis of tumor-infiltrating immune cells[J].Cancer Res,2017,77(21):e108-e110.

    • [9] Hazafa A,Rehman KU,Jahan N,et al.The role of polyphenol(flavonoids)compounds in the treatment of cancer cells[J].Nutr Cancer,2020,72(3):386-397.

    • [10] Oršolić N,Karač I,Sirovina D,et al.Chemotherapeutic potential of quercetin on human bladder cancer cells[J].J Environ Sci Health Part A Toxic/Hazardous Subst Environ Eng,2016,51(9):776-781.

    • [11] Oršolić N,Odeh D,Jembrek MJ,et al.Interactions between cisplatin and quercetin at physiological and hyperthermic conditions on cancer cells in vitro and in vivo[J].Molecules,2020,25(14):E3271.

    • [12] Iida K,Naiki T,Naiki-Ito A,et al.Luteolin suppresses bladder cancer growth via regulation of mechanistic target of rapamycin pathway[J].Cancer Sci,2020,111(4):1165-1179.

    • [13] Wu P,Meng X,Zheng H,et al.Kaempferol attenuates ROS-induced hemolysis and the molecular mechanism of its induction of apoptosis on bladder cancer[J].Molecules,2018,23(10):E2592.

    • [14] Zhang H,Zhang X,Li X,et al.Effect of CCNB1 silencing on cell cycle,senescence,and apoptosis through the p53 signaling pathway in pancreatic cancer[J].J Cell Physiol,2018,234(1):619-631.

    • [15] Liu D,Xu W,Ding X,et al.Polymorphisms of CCNB1 associated with the clinical outcomes of platinum-based chemotherapy in Chinese NSCLC patients[J].J Cancer,2017,8(18):3785-3794.

    • [16] Zou Y,Ruan S,Jin L,et al.CDK1,CCNB1,and CCNB2 are prognostic biomarkers and correlated with immune infiltration in hepatocellular carcinoma[J].Med Sci Monit,2020,26:e925289.

    • [17] Goussia AC,Papoudou-Bai A,Charchanti A,et al.Alterations of p53 and Rb pathways are associated with high proliferation in bladder urothelial carcinomas[J].Anticancer Res,2018,38(7):3985-3988.

    • [18] Kim SK,Roh YG,Park K,et al.Expression signature defined by FOXM1-CCNB1 activation predicts disease recurrence in non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer[J].Clin Cancer Res,2014,20(12):3233-3243.

    • [19] Wang XX,Wu HY,Yang Y,et al.CCNB1 is involved in bladder cancer pathogenesis and silencing CCNB1 decelerates tumor growth and improves prognosis of bladder cancer[J].Exp Ther Med,2023,26(2):382.

    • [20] 石小康,丁佑铭,汪斌,等.CCNB1在原发性肝癌中的表达及临床意义[J].肝胆胰外科杂志,2019,31(10):596-603.

    • [21] Richters A,Aben KKH,Kiemeney LALM.The global burden of urinary bladder cancer:an update[J].World J Urol,2020,38(8):1895-1904.

表1 3 组患者一般资料比较

图1 药物-疾病共同靶点及在膀胱癌组织中表达情况

图2 淫羊藿及膀胱癌共同靶点预后情况

图3 CCNB1表达与膀胱癌临床及病理因素的相关性

图4 CCNB1表达与免疫细胞浸润及预后相关性

图表 1/1

  • 参考文献

    • [1] 贺海蓉,李莉,冯敖梓,等.1990—2017年全球膀胱癌发病率和死亡率的研究[J].中国循证医学杂志,2020,20(11):1257-1265.

    • [2] Liu X,Jiang J,Yu C,et al.Secular trends in incidence and mortality of bladder cancer in China,1990-2017:a joinpoint and age-period-cohort analysis[J].Cancer Epidemiol,2019,61:95-103.

    • [3] Chestnut C,Subramaniam D,Dandawate P,et al.Targeting major signaling pathways of bladder cancer with phytochemicals:a review[J].Nutr Cancer,2021,73(11/12):2249-2271.

    • [4] Kilani-Jaziri S,Frachet V,Bhouri W,et al.Flavones inhibit the proliferation of human tumor cancer cell lines by inducing apoptosis[J].Drug Chem Toxicol,2012,35(1):1-10.

    • [5] Pan XW,Li L,Huang Y,et al.Icaritin acts synergistically with epirubicin to suppress bladder cancer growth through inhibition of autophagy[J].Oncol Rep,2016,35(1):334-342.

    • [6] Ru J,Li P,Wang J,et al.TCMSP:a database of systems pharmacology for drug discovery from herbal medicines[J].J Cheminform,2014,6:13.

    • [7] Chandrashekar DS,Bashel B,Balasubramanya SAH,et al.UALCAN:a portal for facilitating tumor subgroup gene expression and survival analyses[J].Neoplasia,2017,19(8):649-658.

    • [8] Li T,Fan J,Wang B,et al.TIMER:a web server for comprehensive analysis of tumor-infiltrating immune cells[J].Cancer Res,2017,77(21):e108-e110.

    • [9] Hazafa A,Rehman KU,Jahan N,et al.The role of polyphenol(flavonoids)compounds in the treatment of cancer cells[J].Nutr Cancer,2020,72(3):386-397.

    • [10] Oršolić N,Karač I,Sirovina D,et al.Chemotherapeutic potential of quercetin on human bladder cancer cells[J].J Environ Sci Health Part A Toxic/Hazardous Subst Environ Eng,2016,51(9):776-781.

    • [11] Oršolić N,Odeh D,Jembrek MJ,et al.Interactions between cisplatin and quercetin at physiological and hyperthermic conditions on cancer cells in vitro and in vivo[J].Molecules,2020,25(14):E3271.

    • [12] Iida K,Naiki T,Naiki-Ito A,et al.Luteolin suppresses bladder cancer growth via regulation of mechanistic target of rapamycin pathway[J].Cancer Sci,2020,111(4):1165-1179.

    • [13] Wu P,Meng X,Zheng H,et al.Kaempferol attenuates ROS-induced hemolysis and the molecular mechanism of its induction of apoptosis on bladder cancer[J].Molecules,2018,23(10):E2592.

    • [14] Zhang H,Zhang X,Li X,et al.Effect of CCNB1 silencing on cell cycle,senescence,and apoptosis through the p53 signaling pathway in pancreatic cancer[J].J Cell Physiol,2018,234(1):619-631.

    • [15] Liu D,Xu W,Ding X,et al.Polymorphisms of CCNB1 associated with the clinical outcomes of platinum-based chemotherapy in Chinese NSCLC patients[J].J Cancer,2017,8(18):3785-3794.

    • [16] Zou Y,Ruan S,Jin L,et al.CDK1,CCNB1,and CCNB2 are prognostic biomarkers and correlated with immune infiltration in hepatocellular carcinoma[J].Med Sci Monit,2020,26:e925289.

    • [17] Goussia AC,Papoudou-Bai A,Charchanti A,et al.Alterations of p53 and Rb pathways are associated with high proliferation in bladder urothelial carcinomas[J].Anticancer Res,2018,38(7):3985-3988.

    • [18] Kim SK,Roh YG,Park K,et al.Expression signature defined by FOXM1-CCNB1 activation predicts disease recurrence in non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer[J].Clin Cancer Res,2014,20(12):3233-3243.

    • [19] Wang XX,Wu HY,Yang Y,et al.CCNB1 is involved in bladder cancer pathogenesis and silencing CCNB1 decelerates tumor growth and improves prognosis of bladder cancer[J].Exp Ther Med,2023,26(2):382.

    • [20] 石小康,丁佑铭,汪斌,等.CCNB1在原发性肝癌中的表达及临床意义[J].肝胆胰外科杂志,2019,31(10):596-603.

    • [21] Richters A,Aben KKH,Kiemeney LALM.The global burden of urinary bladder cancer:an update[J].World J Urol,2020,38(8):1895-1904.

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