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通讯作者:

兰涛,E-mail:alan200300@163.com

中图分类号:R735.7;R256.4

文献标识码:A

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1007-6948.2023.06.018

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参考文献 5
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参考文献 6
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参考文献 7
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参考文献 8
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参考文献 13
Cheng AL,Qin SK,Ikeda M,et al.Updated efficacy and safety data from IMbrave150:Atezolizumab plus bevacizumab vs.sorafenib for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma[J].J Hepatol,2022,76(4):862-873.
参考文献 14
Zhu AX,Abbas AR,de Galarreta MR,et al.Molecular correlates of clinical response and resistance to atezolizumab in combination with bevacizumab in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma[J].Nat Med,2022,28(8):1599-1611.
参考文献 15
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参考文献 16
陈炜聪,文彬,孙海涛,等.鳖甲煎丸通过TGF-β/Smad信号通路抑制DEN诱导肝癌大鼠上皮间质转化的机制[J].中国实验方剂学杂志,2020,26(20):9-15.
参考文献 17
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参考文献 18
Chen WC,Yang XM,Sun JL,et al.Biejiajian pill inhibits progression of hepatocellular carcinoma by downregulating PDGFRβ signaling in cancer-associated fibroblasts[J].J Ethnopharmacol,2023,301:115825.
目录contents

    摘要

    目的:研究程序性死亡配体1(PD-L1)在肝癌小鼠的表达,探讨鳖甲煎丸抑制肝癌发生的作用机制。方法:健康雄性SPF级C57BL/6小鼠24只,随机分为对照组、模型组和鳖甲煎丸组,每组8只。采用高脂高糖饮食联合腹腔注射四氯化碳(CCl4)制备小鼠肝癌模型;自第6周开始,鳖甲煎丸组给予鳖甲煎丸(1.365 g/kg)灌胃,1次/d;至第24周处死小鼠,计算各组小鼠肝脏的相对质量,记录肝脏表面结节数,测定最大结节直径,取肝组织行HE染色,并分别用荧光定量PCR和Western blot检测PD-L1 mRNA和蛋白表达。结果:模型组小鼠肝脏的相对质量、表面结节数量和结节最大直径,较对照组比较均增加(P<0.05);与模型组比较,鳖甲煎丸组小鼠肝脏的相对质量、表面结节数量和结节最大直径均减少(P<0.05);模型组小鼠肝组织镜下可见肝小叶结构紊乱,有增生性结节及癌结节,肝细胞脂肪变性明显,可见核深染、核分裂,伴炎症细胞浸润及点、片状坏死灶,鳖甲煎丸组的组织病理学改变,较模型组减轻;模型组小鼠肝组织PD-L1 mRNA和蛋白表达,较对照组升高(P<0.05),与模型组比较,鳖甲煎丸组PD-L1 mRNA和蛋白表达均降低(P<0.05)。结论:PD-L1在肝癌小鼠高表达,鳖甲煎丸抑制肝癌发生的作用机制包括抑制PD-L1表达、降低肝癌细胞免疫逃逸,并改善肿瘤免疫微环境。

    Abstract

    Objective To investigate the expression of programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) in liver cancer mice and explore the mechanism of Biejiajian pill in inhibiting the occurrence of liver cancer. Methods Male SPF C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into control group, model group, and Biejiajian pill group, with 8 mice in each group. A mouse liver cancer model was prepared by combining a high fat and high sugar diet with intraperitoneal injection of carbon tetrachloride. The Biejia Jianwan group was given Biejiajian pill (1.365 g/kg) by gavage once a day,starting from the 6th week. At the 24th week, the mice were euthanized, and the relative liver mass of each group was calculated; the number of liver surface nodules was recorded, the maximum nodule diameter was measured, and liver tissue was taken for HE staining. In addition, the PD-L1 mRNA and protein expression were detected using fluorescence quantitative PCR and Western blot, respectively. Results The relative weight of the liver, number of surface nodules, and maximum diameter of nodules in the model group were increased compared to the control group (P<0.05); Compared with the model group, the relative weight of the liver, the number of surface nodules, and the maximum diameter of nodules in the Biejiajian pill group were decreased (P<0.05); The structure of hepatic lobules were disordered, with proliferative nodules and cancerous nodules, the fatty degeneration of hepatocyte was obvious, with deep staining and mitosis of nuclei, accompanied by inflammatory cell infiltration and spot and sheet necrosis in the model group; and the histopathological changes in the Biejiajian Pill group were alleviated compared with the model group. The expression of PD-L1 mRNA and protein in the liver tissue of the model group was increased compared to the control group (P<0.05), while the expression of PD-L1 mRNA and protein in the BiejiaJian pill group was decreased compared to the model group (P<0.05). Conclusion PD-L1 is highly expressed in liver cancer mice, and the mechanism of Biejiajian pill in inhibiting the occurrence of liver cancer includes inhibiting PD-L1 expression, reducing immune escape of l hepatoma cells, and improving the tumor immune microenvironment.

  • 原发性肝癌起病隐匿,早期临床症状大多无特异性,故确诊时多属晚期,失去手术时机。尽管其治疗手段不断增多,但疗效不理想,其五年生存率仍低于18%[1]。探索安全有效的治疗方法仍是目前临床的迫切需求。肿瘤细胞的免疫逃逸在肝癌的发生、发展和转移中起关键作用,CD8+ T淋巴细胞被诱导凋亡是肿瘤细胞免疫逃逸的主要机制[2]。程序性死亡受体1(programmed death 1,PD-1)通过与其配体(programmed cell death-ligand 1,PD-L1)结合,是诱导CD8+ T淋巴细胞凋亡、调节T细胞免疫功能的重要信号分子[3]。PD-L1除了在免疫细胞广泛表达,还在肝癌细胞表达。研究证实,PD-1的阳性表达,在肝癌的不同病理分级中无差异,但PD-L1的阳性表达率在中、低分化肝癌中,较在高分化肝癌升高,肝癌细胞的PD-L1阳性表达与肝癌患者的总生存期呈负相关,提示PD-L1的表达可以作为判断肝癌患者预后的重要指标[4]。因此,靶向调节PD-L1的研究有望为肿瘤治疗提供新策略。

  • 鳖甲煎丸出自《金匮要略》。临床研究表明,鳖甲煎丸对治疗肝癌有一定疗效,它能减缓肝纤维向肝癌发展[5-6],但其作用机制有待深入研究。本研究使用高脂肪、高果糖和高胆固醇饮食,结合每周腹腔注射低剂量四氯化碳(CCl4),复制小鼠肝癌模型,考察鳖甲煎丸对肝癌的防治作用,并检测肝组织PD-L1表达,以期为阐明鳖甲煎丸治疗肝癌的作用机理提供理论支持。

  • 1 材料和方法

  • 1.1 主要试剂

  • 高脂饲料由北京博泰宏达生物技术有限公司提供,CCL4购自南京化学试剂股份有限公司,鳖甲煎丸为国药集团中联药业有限公司商品,PD-L1抗体为美国Abcam公司产品。高效RIPA裂解液(试剂盒内含PMSF)购自北京索莱宝科技有限公司,BCA蛋白定量试剂盒为美国Thermo Scientific公司产品,免疫检测化学发光底物为美国Millipore公司产品。Trizol和SYBRGreen RT-qPCR Kit分别为美国Promega和Thermo公司产品。

  • 1.2 高脂饮食配方

  • 每kg高脂饲料含酪蛋白 195 g,DL-蛋氨酸 3.0 g,蔗糖 405.36 g,无水乳脂肪210 g,胆固醇12.5 g,纤维素50 g,矿物质4 g,维生素10 g,乙氧喹啉0.04 g,食用色素(绿)0.1 g。

  • 1.3 模型制备、分组及给药

  • 健康雄性SPF级C57BL/6小鼠24只,体质量(20±2)g,购自北京斯贝福生物技术有限公司(SCXK京2019-0010)。按随机数字表分为对照组和模型组,对照组8只,模型组16只;适应性喂养后,模型组参照 Tsuchida等[7]的方法给予高脂饮食,饮用水含有23.1 g/L果糖和18.9 g/L葡萄糖,并每周(饮食造模开始时即进行首次注射)按每克体质量5.0 μL的剂量,腹腔注射CCl4(按体积1:9溶于玉米油中);对照组小鼠食用普通饲料和饮用水,同时腹腔注射等体积的玉米油。6周后,将模型组小鼠随机分为模型组和鳖甲煎丸组,每组8只,鳖甲煎丸组开始给予鳖甲煎丸(1.365 g/kg)灌胃,1次/d,模型组以相同方式予以饮用水。各组均连续灌胃至第24周实验结束。

  • 1.4 肝脏大体观察

  • 观察肝脏形态、颜色、质地,记录每只小鼠肝脏表面直径≥1 mm结节数量,并测量最大结节的直径。

  • 1.5 体质量和肝脏相对质量

  • 各组小鼠于造模第24周灌胃2 h后,用电子天平测量大鼠体质量;麻醉后开腹,分离整个肝脏称重,按下式计算肝脏相对质量:肝脏相对质量=(肝脏质量(g))/(体质量(g))×100%。

  • 1.6 组织病理学观察

  • 取各组小鼠肝左叶组织,4%多聚甲醛固定,乙醇脱水后石蜡包埋、3 μm连续切片制成石蜡切片,脱蜡至水,常规 HE染色,中性树胶封片后,在显微镜下观察。

  • 1.7 PD-L1 mRNA表达

  • 采用实时荧光定量PCR法检测。肝组织100 μg按Trizol说明提取总RNA,经纯度鉴定和浓度测定后,取1.0 μg行逆转录。1.0 μL的cDNA 行实时荧光定量 PCR。PD-L1:上游引物5’-GCTGAACGCCCCATACAACAAAATC-3’,下游引物5’-CTCAGGACTTGATGGTCACTGCTTG-3’;GAPDH:上游引物5’-CACGAT GGAGGGGCCGGACTCATC-3’,下游引物5’-TAAAGACCTCTATGCCA ACACAGT-3’。目的基因相对表达量=2-[Ct(目的)-Ct(内参)]

  • 1.8 PD-L1 蛋白表达

  • 称取40 mg肝组织,加入含PMSF的RIPA裂解液,冰上匀浆后4℃,14000 g离心30 min,吸取上清。采用BCA法蛋白定量,按60μg/孔进行SDS-PAGE电泳,结束后电转移电转印至PVDF膜上,用含5%脱脂奶粉的TBST室温封闭2 h,加一抗(1∶1000 PD-L1,1∶1500 GAPDH)低温孵育过夜,TBST洗膜后加二抗(1∶5000)室温孵育2 h,TBST洗膜后发光显影,凝胶成像分析系统对目的条带进行扫描和密度分析,以相应蛋白条带的平均光密度值来表示PD-L1的相对蛋白表达量。

  • 1.9 统计学方法

  • 数据采用SPSS 17.0统计软件分析。计量数据以x-±s表示,比较采用单因素方差分析,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

  • 2 结果

  • 2.1 肝脏大体解剖

  • 对照组小鼠肝脏呈暗红色,质地光滑、细腻,表面无肉眼可见结节;模型组肝脏颜色变淡,质地粗糙,有颗粒感,表面有直径介于1~7 mm结节,部分结节可见迂曲血管,与周围组织分切不清;鳖甲煎丸组除1只大鼠肝脏表面未见≥1 mm 的结节外,其余7只均有1~4 mm 结节,如图1。与对照组比较,模型组小鼠肝脏表面结节数量增多,结节最大直径均增加(P<0.05);与模型组比较,鳖甲煎丸组表面结节数量减少,结节最大直径减小(P<0.05),如表1。

  • 图1 三组小鼠肝脏大体观察

  • 表1 三组小鼠肝脏表面直径≥1 mm结节数和最大结节直径比较

  • 注:a与对照组比较,P﹤0.05;b与模型组比较,P﹤0.05

  • 2.2 体质量和肝脏相对质量

  • 与对照组比较,模型组小鼠体质量减少,肝脏相对质量增加(P<0.05);与模型组比较,鳖甲煎丸组小鼠体质量差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),肝脏相对质量降低(P<0.05),如表2。

  • 表2 三组小鼠体质量和肝脏相对质量比较

  • 注:a与对照组比较,P﹤0.05;b与模型组比较,P﹤0.05

  • 2.3 肝脏组织病理学

  • 对照组小鼠肝细胞呈多边形,胞质丰富,核位于中央,以中央静脉为中心,呈放射状排列,小叶结构清晰;模型组肝小叶结构紊乱、消失,肝细胞脂肪变性、部分气球样变,可见增生性结节及癌结节,有细胞核深染、核分裂象,伴炎症细胞浸润及点、片状坏死灶;鳖甲煎丸肝组织病理学改变较模型组减轻,如图2。

  • 图2 三组小鼠肝组织病理改变(HE染色)

  • 2.4 PD-L1 mRNA和蛋白表达

  • 模型组小鼠肝组织PD-L1 mRNA和蛋白表达,较对照组升高(P<0.05);与模型组比较,鳖甲煎丸组PD-L1 mRNA和蛋白表达均降低(P<0.05),如图3。

  • 图3 三组小鼠肝组织PD-L1 mRNA和蛋白表达水平比较

  • 3 讨论

  • 肝癌是消化系统常见的肿瘤,在我国肿瘤相关死亡病例中位居第2[8]。从肝炎到肝硬化再到肝癌,一般需经历10到30年,早期干预是防治肝癌的关键。肿瘤免疫微环境在肝癌发生和发展中有重要作用。研究证实,癌旁间质存在大量免疫细胞浸润,形成的炎性微环境可转化并维持“恶性炎症”,诱导机体产生免疫耐受,并促进血管生成和组织重塑,有助于肝癌进展[9]

  • PD-L1主要表达于肿瘤微环境中的免疫细胞和肿瘤细胞,当PD-1与激活态免疫细胞表面表达的PD-L1相结合,能抑制免疫细胞增殖,并诱导其产生细胞凋亡,从而防治过度免疫反应的发生;而肿瘤细胞则利用这一机制,表达PD-L1或PD-1,诱导肿瘤特异性免疫细胞凋亡,进而逃逸免疫监视和攻击[10]。已有研究发现,PD-L1过度表达的肝癌病例,有相对较差的分化程度、较高的术前甲胎蛋白(AFP)浓度和较短的生存期[4];临床应用PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂能阻断此信号通路,提高肿瘤细胞的免疫原性和对效应细胞杀伤的敏感性,增强机体抗肿瘤免疫应答,进而抑制肿瘤生长和转移[11-12]。有研究观察到,阿替佐利单抗(抗PD-L1)和贝伐单抗(抗血管内皮生长因子)联合治疗,不可切除肝癌患者的中位无进展生存期,为6.8个月,在329例至少接受一剂联合治疗的患者中,有56.5%的患者发生3级或4级不良事件[13-14]。这些数据表明,目前的西医治疗远远不能满足临床肝癌患者的需求。

  • 鳖甲煎丸是治疗肝病的经典名方,全方由鳖甲胶、阿胶、蜂房、鼠妇虫、土鳖虫、蜣螂、硝石、柴胡、黄芩、半夏、党参、干姜、桂枝、白芍、桃仁、牡丹皮、大黄、厚朴等23味药物组成,攻补兼施、寒热并用、气血共治、痰湿同调,有活血化瘀、软坚散结、减缓胁下癥块生长的功效,临床常用于肝纤维化和肝癌的治疗[5-615]。有研究利用二乙基亚硝胺诱导大鼠肝癌前病变模型,发现鳖甲煎丸可抑制肝组织IL-6/ STAT3通路的激活,降低炎症因子表达,从而抑制肝癌前病变的发生[16];还有研究表明,鳖甲煎丸能通过调节Snail表达,抑制肝细胞上皮-间充质转化,并通过抑制肿瘤相关成纤维细胞PDGF-BB/PDGFRα信号通路活化,进而减少肝癌的发生、迁移和侵袭[17-18]。本研究利用高脂肪、高果糖、高胆固醇饮食联合四氯化碳,诱导小鼠肝癌,证实鳖甲煎丸有延缓肝癌发生和发展的作用,能降低肝脏相对质量,减少肝脏表面结节数量,减小结节最大直径,并减轻组织病理学改变。同时本研究还发现,鳖甲煎丸能减轻肿瘤微环境中免疫细胞的浸润程度,表明其抑制肝癌发生的作用至少包括抑制肝细胞癌变和改善肿瘤微环境两方面。进一步研究发现,肝癌小鼠PD-L1 mRNA和蛋白表达水平升高,鳖甲煎丸能下调肝癌小鼠PD-L1表达,提示其抑制肝细胞癌变和改善肿瘤微环境的作用与抑制PD-L1表达、降低肝癌细胞的免疫逃逸有关。

  • 综上,本研究初步探讨了PD-L1在小鼠肝癌发生中的作用及鳖甲煎丸可能通过下调PD-L1表达,抑制肝组织癌变、改善肿瘤免疫微环境的作用机制,为阐明鳖甲煎丸防治肝癌发生及临床推广应用,提供新型的理论依据。

  • 参考文献

    • [1] Sung H,Ferlay J,Siegel RL,et al.Global cancer statistics 2020:GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries[J].CA Cancer J Clin,2021,71(3):209-249.

    • [2] Burr ML,Sparbier CE,Chan YC,et al.CMTM6 maintains the expression of PD-L1 and regulates anti-tumour immunity[J].Nature,2017,549(7670):101-105.

    • [3] Huang CY,Wang Y,Luo GY,et al.Relationship between PD-L1 expression and CD8+ T-cell immune responses in hepatocellular carcinoma[J].J Immunother,2017,40(9):323-333.

    • [4] 周晓思,秦蓉,赵红川,等.PD-1/PD-L1在原发性肝癌中的表达及临床意义[J].肝胆外科杂志,2019,27(1):66-69.

    • [5] 邹建华,肖战说,李刘生,等.《金匮要略》类方在肝癌治疗中的应用[J].山东中医杂志,2021,40(12):1297-1301.

    • [6] 姚世勇.鳖甲煎丸加减治疗原发性肝癌54例[J].辽宁中医药大学学报,2009,11(6):161-162.

    • [7] Tsuchida T,Lee YA,Fujiwara N,et al.A simple diet-and chemical-induced murine NASH model with rapid progression of steatohepatitis,fibrosis and liver cancer[J].J Hepatol,2018,69(2):385-395.

    • [8] 曹梦迪,王红,石菊芳,等.中国人群肝癌疾病负担:多数据源证据更新整合分析[J].中华流行病学杂志,2020,41(11):1848-1858.

    • [9] Zhang QM,He Y,Luo N,et al.Landscape and dynamics of single immune cells in hepatocellular carcinoma[J].Cell,2019,179(4):829-845.e20.

    • [10] Paver EC,Cooper WA,Colebatch AJ,et al.Programmed death ligand-1(PD-L1)as a predictive marker for immunotherapy in solid tumours:a guide to immunohistochemistry implementation and interpretation[J].Pathology,2021,53(2):141-156.

    • [11] Shang RZ,Song XH,Wang P,et al.Cabozantinib-based combination therapy for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma[J].Gut,2021,70(9):1746-1757.

    • [12] Rao Q,Li M,Xu W,et al.Clinical benefits of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma:a systematic review and meta-analysis[J].Hepatol Int,2020,14(5):765-775.

    • [13] Cheng AL,Qin SK,Ikeda M,et al.Updated efficacy and safety data from IMbrave150:Atezolizumab plus bevacizumab vs.sorafenib for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma[J].J Hepatol,2022,76(4):862-873.

    • [14] Zhu AX,Abbas AR,de Galarreta MR,et al.Molecular correlates of clinical response and resistance to atezolizumab in combination with bevacizumab in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma[J].Nat Med,2022,28(8):1599-1611.

    • [15] 吴雄志,彭涛.运用伏邪理论治疗肝癌浅析[J].中西医结合肝病杂志,2020,30(4):289-291.

    • [16] 陈炜聪,文彬,孙海涛,等.鳖甲煎丸通过TGF-β/Smad信号通路抑制DEN诱导肝癌大鼠上皮间质转化的机制[J].中国实验方剂学杂志,2020,26(20):9-15.

    • [17] Sun JL,Chen WC,Wen B,et al.Biejiajian pill inhibits carcinogenesis and metastasis via the akt/GSK-3β/snail signaling pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma[J].Front Pharmacol,2021,12:610158.

    • [18] Chen WC,Yang XM,Sun JL,et al.Biejiajian pill inhibits progression of hepatocellular carcinoma by downregulating PDGFRβ signaling in cancer-associated fibroblasts[J].J Ethnopharmacol,2023,301:115825.

图1 三组小鼠肝脏大体观察

表1 三组小鼠肝脏表面直径≥1 mm结节数和最大结节直径比较

表2 三组小鼠体质量和肝脏相对质量比较

图2 三组小鼠肝组织病理改变(HE染色)

图3 三组小鼠肝组织PD-L1 mRNA和蛋白表达水平比较

图表 1/1

  • 参考文献

    • [1] Sung H,Ferlay J,Siegel RL,et al.Global cancer statistics 2020:GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries[J].CA Cancer J Clin,2021,71(3):209-249.

    • [2] Burr ML,Sparbier CE,Chan YC,et al.CMTM6 maintains the expression of PD-L1 and regulates anti-tumour immunity[J].Nature,2017,549(7670):101-105.

    • [3] Huang CY,Wang Y,Luo GY,et al.Relationship between PD-L1 expression and CD8+ T-cell immune responses in hepatocellular carcinoma[J].J Immunother,2017,40(9):323-333.

    • [4] 周晓思,秦蓉,赵红川,等.PD-1/PD-L1在原发性肝癌中的表达及临床意义[J].肝胆外科杂志,2019,27(1):66-69.

    • [5] 邹建华,肖战说,李刘生,等.《金匮要略》类方在肝癌治疗中的应用[J].山东中医杂志,2021,40(12):1297-1301.

    • [6] 姚世勇.鳖甲煎丸加减治疗原发性肝癌54例[J].辽宁中医药大学学报,2009,11(6):161-162.

    • [7] Tsuchida T,Lee YA,Fujiwara N,et al.A simple diet-and chemical-induced murine NASH model with rapid progression of steatohepatitis,fibrosis and liver cancer[J].J Hepatol,2018,69(2):385-395.

    • [8] 曹梦迪,王红,石菊芳,等.中国人群肝癌疾病负担:多数据源证据更新整合分析[J].中华流行病学杂志,2020,41(11):1848-1858.

    • [9] Zhang QM,He Y,Luo N,et al.Landscape and dynamics of single immune cells in hepatocellular carcinoma[J].Cell,2019,179(4):829-845.e20.

    • [10] Paver EC,Cooper WA,Colebatch AJ,et al.Programmed death ligand-1(PD-L1)as a predictive marker for immunotherapy in solid tumours:a guide to immunohistochemistry implementation and interpretation[J].Pathology,2021,53(2):141-156.

    • [11] Shang RZ,Song XH,Wang P,et al.Cabozantinib-based combination therapy for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma[J].Gut,2021,70(9):1746-1757.

    • [12] Rao Q,Li M,Xu W,et al.Clinical benefits of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma:a systematic review and meta-analysis[J].Hepatol Int,2020,14(5):765-775.

    • [13] Cheng AL,Qin SK,Ikeda M,et al.Updated efficacy and safety data from IMbrave150:Atezolizumab plus bevacizumab vs.sorafenib for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma[J].J Hepatol,2022,76(4):862-873.

    • [14] Zhu AX,Abbas AR,de Galarreta MR,et al.Molecular correlates of clinical response and resistance to atezolizumab in combination with bevacizumab in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma[J].Nat Med,2022,28(8):1599-1611.

    • [15] 吴雄志,彭涛.运用伏邪理论治疗肝癌浅析[J].中西医结合肝病杂志,2020,30(4):289-291.

    • [16] 陈炜聪,文彬,孙海涛,等.鳖甲煎丸通过TGF-β/Smad信号通路抑制DEN诱导肝癌大鼠上皮间质转化的机制[J].中国实验方剂学杂志,2020,26(20):9-15.

    • [17] Sun JL,Chen WC,Wen B,et al.Biejiajian pill inhibits carcinogenesis and metastasis via the akt/GSK-3β/snail signaling pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma[J].Front Pharmacol,2021,12:610158.

    • [18] Chen WC,Yang XM,Sun JL,et al.Biejiajian pill inhibits progression of hepatocellular carcinoma by downregulating PDGFRβ signaling in cancer-associated fibroblasts[J].J Ethnopharmacol,2023,301:115825.

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