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通讯作者:

王振强,E-mail:wswcap@163.com

中图分类号:R734.2

文献标识码:A

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1007-6948.2023.06.013

参考文献 1
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参考文献 2
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参考文献 3
Weiss J,Goldschmidt J,Andric Z,et al.Effects of trilaciclib on chemotherapy-induced myelosuppression and patient-reported outcomes in patients with extensive-stage small cell lung cancer:pooled results from three phase II randomized,double-blind,placebo-controlled studies[J].Clin Lung Cancer,2021,22(5):449-460.
参考文献 4
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参考文献 15
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参考文献 16
郭鹏,骆莹滨,许荣忠,等.扶正祛邪方辅助多西他塞联合顺铂化疗干预中晚期肺癌合并高脂血症的效果及机制[J].辽宁中医杂志,2020,47(12):136-139.
参考文献 17
刘艳红,葛利越,杨静,等.人参养荣汤联合穴位敷贴及耳穴贴压改善胃癌化疗患者睡眠质量及生活质量价值研究[J].四川中医,2019,37(5):108-111.
参考文献 18
文丽芳,丁洁.加味人参养荣汤联合化疗对宫颈癌患者血清肿瘤标志物,Th1/Th2型细胞因子表达水平的影响[J].中国实验方剂学杂志,2019,25(5):68-72.
参考文献 19
Barak V,Kalickman I,Pe’er J.sIL-2R-an immuno-biomarker for prediction of metastases in uveal melanoma[J].Anticancer Res,2022,42(3):1447-1453.
参考文献 20
Cruceriu D,Baldasici O,Balacescu O,et al.The dual role of tumor necrosis factor-alpha(TNF-α)in breast cancer:molecular insights and therapeutic approaches[J].Cell Oncol,2020,43(1):1-18.
参考文献 21
高丽萍.人参养荣汤对气阴两虚型肺癌化疗患者免疫功能的影响[J].实用心脑肺血管病杂志,2018,26(3):132-134.
目录contents

    摘要

    目的:探讨人参养荣汤对小细胞肺癌化疗后骨髓抑制患者疗效的影响。方法:选取本院2019年5月—2020年12月收治的小细胞肺癌化疗后骨髓抑制患者120例,按照随机数字表法分为治疗组(60例)和对照组(60例),对照组给予西药治疗,治疗组在对照组基础上加用人参养荣汤治疗,比较两组患者免疫指标[肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、可溶性白细胞介素-2受体(sIL-2R)]、卡氏量表(KPS)及健康调查简表(SF-36)评分、血清白蛋白水平、白细胞计数、中性粒细胞计数、血小板计数、毒副反应发生率及临床疗效。结果:与治疗前比较,治疗后,两组患者KPS评分、SF-36评分、TNF-α、血清白蛋白水平、白细胞计数、中性粒细胞计数、血小板计数均升高(P<0.05),且治疗组高于对照组(P<0.05);sIL-2R水平降低(P<0.05),且治疗组低于对照组(P<0.05)。治疗组毒副反应发生率为31.67%,对照组毒副反应发生率为73.33%,治疗组低于对照组(P<0.05);治疗组总有效率(76.67%)高于对照组(50.00%)(P<0.05)。结论:人参养荣汤用于小细胞肺癌化疗后骨髓抑制患者,能够改善患者免疫功能及临床症状,提高生活质量,降低毒副反应发生率,增强疗效。

    Abstract

    Objective To explore the effect of Ginseng Yangrong Decoction on the curative effect of patients with bone marrow suppression after chemotherapy of small cell lung cancer. Methods A total of 120 patients with bone marrow suppression after chemotherapy for small cell lung cancer in our hospital from May 2019 to December 2020 were selected and randomly divided into a treatment group (60 cases) and a control group (60 cases) according to the random number table method. The control group was treated with western medicine, and the treatment group was treated with Ginseng Yangrong Decoction on the basis of the control group.The immune indicators [tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), soluble interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2R)], Karnofsky scale (KPS) and the MOS item short from health survey (SF-36) score, serum albumin level, white blood cell count, neutrophil count, platelet count, incidence of toxic and side effects and clinical efficacy were compared between the two groups. Results Compared with before treatment, after treatment, the KPS score, SF-36 score, TNF-α, serum albumin level, white blood cell count, neutrophil count, and platelet count of the two groups increased (P<0.05), and the treatment group were higher than the control group (P<0.05);the level of sIL-2R decreased (P<0.05), and the treatment group was lower than the control group (P<0.05). The incidence of side effects in the treatment group was 31.67%, and the incidence of side effects in the control group was 73.33%, in the treatment group was lower than the control group (P<0.05); the total effective rate of the treatment group (76.67%) was higher than that of the control group (50.00%) (P<0.05). Conclusion Ginseng Yangrong Decoction for patients with bone marrow suppression after chemotherapy for small cell lung cancer can improve the immune function and clinical symptoms of the patients, improve the quality of life, reduce the incidence of toxic and side effects, and enhance the efficacy.

  • 肺癌是临床上发病率及死亡率较高的恶性肿瘤,位于癌症死亡病因的首位[1],而小细胞癌的恶性程度更高,往往发现时已经出现了转移,单纯采用手术治疗难以彻底清除病灶[2]。因此,小细胞癌患者往往会采取化疗方案来控制病情进展,但化疗药物虽能杀灭肿瘤细胞,控制病情,但同时也会对正常细胞产生影响,产生一系列毒副反应,其中骨髓抑制发生率最高[3-5],严重影响了化疗进展及患者疗效。因此,如何减轻化疗带来的骨髓抑制反应十分重要。中医认为,化疗后会损耗人体脏腑功能及气血,使人体气血两虚,脾肾功能受损[6],而骨髓抑制即是耗伤气血、热毒伤阴的结果。有研究表明,中药方剂能够有效减轻肿瘤患者化疗后带来的毒副作用[7]。人参养荣汤由八珍汤加减而来,由人参、白芍、当归、远志、五味子、白术、甘草、陈皮、黄芪、熟地黄、桂心、茯苓等组成,是中医气血双补名方,具有健脾扶正、益气养血的功效。本研究将人参养荣汤用于小细胞肺癌化疗后骨髓抑制患者,观察其对患者生活质量、免疫指标、血清白蛋白水平、白细胞计数、中性粒细胞计数、血小板计数、毒副反应发生率及临床疗效的影响。

  • 1 资料与方法

  • 1.1 一般资料

  • 选取2019年5月—2020年12月本院收治的小细胞肺癌化疗后骨髓抑制患者120例,纳入标准:1)经细胞学或病理学诊断确诊为小细胞癌患者;2)两周内接受过化疗,且白细胞数低于4.0×109/L;3)病情稳定,生存期≥3个月;4)患者及家属均自愿参与;5)年龄<80岁者。排除标准:1)合并其他部位恶性肿瘤者;2)对所用药物成分过敏者;3)伴有严重感染难以控制者;4)入院前3周使用过升白细胞药物治疗者;5)依从性差,不能配合者。本研究经本院伦理委员会批准。按照随机数字表法分为治疗组和对照组。两组患者一般资料差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见表1。

  • 表1 两组患者一般资料比较

  • 1.2 方法

  • 对照组使用西药治疗,重组人粒细胞集落刺激因子注射液(生产厂家:协和发酵麒麟株式会社,国药准字:S200100631)(rhGM-CSF)皮下注射,当白细胞<3.0×109/L时开始使用,200 µg/d,当白细胞≥4.0×109/L时停药。连续使用7 d,若白细胞仍然低于正常值可继续使用,连续服药1个月时观察。

  • 治疗组在对照组基础上给予人参养荣汤,药方组成:人参10 g,白芍10 g,当归10 g,远志10 g,五味子6 g,白术10 g,甘草10 g,陈皮5 g,黄芪10 g,熟地黄10 g,桂心3 g,茯苓10 g,水煎至200 mL/包,1剂/d,早晚口服,连续服药1个月时观察。

  • 1.3 观察指标

  • 1)使用卡氏量表(karnofsky,KPS)评估两组患者机体功能[8],健康调查简表(the MOS item short from health survey,SF-36)[9]评估两组患者生存质量,KPS和SF-36总分都为100分,生存质量及机体功能越好,分数越高。2)免疫指标:于治疗前及治疗后各抽取两组患者空腹静脉血5 mL,使用酶联免疫吸附法检测两组患者可溶性白细胞介素-2受体(soluble interleukin-2 receptor,sIL-2R)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)水平。3)使用全自动血细胞分析仪检测血清白蛋白、白细胞、中性粒细胞、血小板水平。4)毒副反应发生率:统计两组患者出现胃肠道反应、骨髓抑制、肝肾功能损害、腹泻发生情况。5)临床疗效[10]:完全缓解:肿瘤病灶完全消失,持续时间≥4周;部分缓解:肿瘤病灶最长直径之和缩小≥30%;稳定:肿瘤病灶最长直径之和缩小<30%;病情进展:未达到上述标准。部分和完全缓解例数占总例数的百分比,即为总有效率。

  • 1.4 统计学方法

  • 用SPSS 20.0对组间及组内各指标进行分析,计量资料(例如KPS、SF-36评分及免疫指标等)用x-±s表示,行配对(同一组治疗前后比较)或独立(两组间比较)样本t检验;计数资料采用n(%)表示,行χ2检验,检验水准α=0.05。

  • 2 结果

  • 2.1 两组患者KPS和SF-36评分比较

  • 与治疗前比较,治疗后,两组患者KPS和SF-36评分升高(P<0.05),且治疗组KPS和SF-36评分高于对照组(P<0.05)。见表2。

  • 表2 两组患者KPS和SF-36评分比较

  • 注:a与对照组比较,P<0.05;b与同组治疗前比较,P<0.05

  • 2.2 两组患者免疫指标比较

  • 与治疗前比较,治疗后,两组患者TNF-α水平升高(P<0.05),且治疗组高于对照组(P<0.05),sIL-2R水平降低(P<0.05),且治疗组低于对照组(P<0.05)。见表3。

  • 表3 两组患者免疫指标比较

  • 注:a与对照组比较,P<0.05;b与同组治疗前比较,P<0.05

  • 2.3 血清白蛋白、白细胞、中性粒细胞、血小板水平比较

  • 与治疗前比较,治疗后,两组血清白蛋白、白细胞、中性粒细胞、血小板水平升高(P<0.05),且治疗组血清白蛋白、白细胞、中性粒细胞、血小板水平高于对照组(P<0.05)。见表4。

  • 表4 两组患者血清白蛋白、白细胞、中性粒细胞、血小板水平比较

  • 注:a与对照组比较,P<0.05;b与同组治疗前比较,P<0.05

  • 2.4 两组患者毒副反应发生率比较

  • 治疗组毒副反应发生率为31.67%,对照组毒副反应发生率为73.33%,治疗组低于对照组(P<0.05)。见表5。

  • 表5 两组患者毒副反应发生率比较 [n(%)]

  • 注:a与对照组比较,P<0.05

  • 2.5 两组临床疗效比较

  • 治疗组总有效率(76.67%)高于对照组(50.00%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见表6。

  • 表6 两组临床疗效比较[n(%)]

  • 注:a与对照组比较,P<0.05

  • 3 讨论

  • 肺癌的治疗方式有手术、放疗和化疗等,而小细胞癌对于化疗较为敏感[11],但化疗是一把双刃剑,在杀灭肿瘤细胞的同时也会损伤正常细胞,增加患者痛苦,影响化疗进程[12]。中医认为,肺癌病位在肺,但与肾、脾等脏器也有着密切联系,肺脏受邪毒侵袭,导致气阴不足,肺阴耗损[13-14],再加上化疗药物的使用,使肺气虚弱,肾气亏虚,终致气血亏损、气阴两伤[15]。因此,治疗上应以祛邪养血、扶正益气为主[16]。加味人参养荣汤中的黄芪,补益肺脾,可促进肺脾之气恢复;人参大补元气,可补益肺、脾、肾,与黄芪合用,则补益之力增强;炒白术燥湿健脾,茯苓健脾渗湿,两药均有健脾功效,合用则祛湿之力增加;熟地黄滋补肝肾养血,白芍养血柔肝,可加强前者补血功效;当归可补血活血、调经止痛,与益气之品合用,可使补而不滞,气虚日久则血行不畅,而该药材可活血化瘀,上述药物合为臣药。肾阳为周身阳气之根本,病久则气血阳气俱虚,故以桂心温肾壮阳,助力气血生化;血虚则心神失其濡养,故以五味子、远志安神养心;加以陈皮醒脾理气,以解熟地黄之滋腻;加甘草调和诸药,并增强益气健脾之效。诸药合理配伍,共奏补益气血、固本扶正之功效。刘艳红等[17]研究结果显示,将人参养荣汤用于胃癌化疗后患者,能够降低毒副反应发生率、提高临床疗效、改善生活质量。文丽芳等[18]研究结果显示,将人参养荣汤用于宫颈癌患者,能够改善细胞免疫水平、缓解临床症状、降低肿瘤标志物水平。

  • 本研究将人参养荣汤用于小细胞肺癌化疗后骨髓抑制患者,比较两组患者KPS和SF-36评分。结果显示,治疗后,两组患者KPS和SF-36评分升高,且治疗组高于对照组,提示人参养荣汤能够提高患者生存质量。sIL-2R属于免疫抑制物,TNF-α是一种具有抗肿瘤作用的细胞因子[19-20]。比较TNF-α、sIL-2R水平,结果显示,治疗后两组患者TNF-α水平升高,且治疗组高于对照组,sIL-2R水平降低,且治疗组低于对照组,提示人参养荣汤能够增强患者的免疫功能,改善机体功能状态。比较两组患者血清白蛋白、白细胞、中性粒细胞、血小板水平,结果显示,治疗后,两组患者血清白蛋白、白细胞、中性粒细胞、血小板水平升高,且治疗组高于对照组,提示人参养荣汤能够改善临床症状。比较两组患者毒副反应发生率及临床疗效,结果显示,治疗组毒副反应发生率为31.67%,对照组毒副反应发生率为73.33%,治疗组低于对照组,而总有效率高,提示人参养荣汤能够降低毒副反应发生率,提高临床疗效。根据现代药理学研究,白术、甘草、茯苓等药物合用有杀灭肿瘤细胞的作用,黄芪可调节免疫平衡、清除自由基[21]。人参养荣汤全方配伍,可改善机体营养状况,增强免疫功能,对于减少放化疗不良反应有一定作用。

  • 综上所述,人参养荣汤用于小细胞肺癌化疗后骨髓抑制患者,能够改善患者免疫功能及临床症状,提高生活质量,降低毒副反应发生率,疗效较好,值得临床推广。但本研究所使用的样本量较小,可能使结果具有一定局限性,后续将使用大样本量进行多中心验证,以便后续对其具体机制进行深入研究。

  • 参考文献

    • [1] Bade BC,Dela Cruz CS.Lung cancer 2020:epidemiology,etiology,and prevention[J].Clin Chest Med,2020,41(1):1-24.

    • [2] Wang YW,Zou SY,Zhao ZY,et al.New insights into small-cell lung cancer development and therapy[J].Cell Biol Int,2020,44(8):1564-1576.

    • [3] Weiss J,Goldschmidt J,Andric Z,et al.Effects of trilaciclib on chemotherapy-induced myelosuppression and patient-reported outcomes in patients with extensive-stage small cell lung cancer:pooled results from three phase II randomized,double-blind,placebo-controlled studies[J].Clin Lung Cancer,2021,22(5):449-460.

    • [4] Daniel D,Kuchava V,Bondarenko I,et al.Trilaciclib prior to chemotherapy and atezolizumab in patients with newly diagnosed extensive-stage small cell lung cancer:a multicentre,randomised,double-blind,placebo-controlled Phase II trial[J].Int J Cancer,2020,148(10):2557-2570.

    • [5] Weiss JM,Csoszi T,Maglakelidze M,et al.Myelopreservation with the CDK4/6 inhibitor trilaciclib in patients with small-cell lung cancer receiving first-line chemotherapy:a phase Ib/randomized phase II trial[J].Ann Oncol,2019,30(10):1613-1621.

    • [6] Xiang YN,Guo ZM,Zhu PF,et al.Traditional Chinese medicine as a cancer treatment:modern perspectives of ancient but advanced science[J].Cancer Med,2019,8(5):1958-1975.

    • [7] Su XL,Wang JW,Che H,et al.Clinical application and mechanism of traditional Chinese medicine in treatment of lung cancer[J].Chin Med J,2020,133(24):2987-2997.

    • [8] Frappaz D,Bonneville-Levard A,Ricard D,et al.Assessment of Karnofsky(KPS)and WHO(WHO-PS)performance scores in brain tumour patients:the role of clinician bias[J].Support Care Cancer,2021,29(4):1883-1891.

    • [9] Bunevicius A.Reliability and validity of the SF-36 Health Survey Questionnaire in patients with brain tumors:a cross-sectional study[J].Health Qual Life Outcomes,2017,15(1):92.

    • [10] Seymour L,Bogaerts J,Perrone A,et al.iRECIST:guidelines for response criteria for use in trials testing immunotherapeutics[J].Lancet Oncol,2017,18(3):e143-e152.

    • [11] Morimoto K,Yamada T,Yokoi T,et al.Clinical impact of pembrolizumab combined with chemotherapy in elderly patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer[J].Lung Cancer,2021,161:26-33.

    • [12] Alexander M,Kim SY,Cheng HY.Update 2020:management of non-small cell lung cancer[J].Lung,2020,198(6):897-907.

    • [13] Xu XQ,Deng WQ,Wang DY,et al.Chinese medicine treatment prolonged survival in small cell lung cancer patients:a clinical observation[J].Chin J Integr Med,2021,27(7):496-501.

    • [14] Liang SX,Li Y,Zhang XG,et al.Molecular evidence of compound Kushen injection against lung cancer:a network pharmacology-based investigation from western medicine to traditional medicine[J].Anticancer Agents Med Chem,2021,21(15):2012-2022.

    • [15] 周岩,田乃菊,张法英,等.益气养阴汤辅助盐酸埃克替尼片治疗晚期非小细胞肺癌气阴两虚证患者癌因性疲乏疗效及对生活质量影响[J].中国中医药信息杂志,2020,27(2):13-17.

    • [16] 郭鹏,骆莹滨,许荣忠,等.扶正祛邪方辅助多西他塞联合顺铂化疗干预中晚期肺癌合并高脂血症的效果及机制[J].辽宁中医杂志,2020,47(12):136-139.

    • [17] 刘艳红,葛利越,杨静,等.人参养荣汤联合穴位敷贴及耳穴贴压改善胃癌化疗患者睡眠质量及生活质量价值研究[J].四川中医,2019,37(5):108-111.

    • [18] 文丽芳,丁洁.加味人参养荣汤联合化疗对宫颈癌患者血清肿瘤标志物,Th1/Th2型细胞因子表达水平的影响[J].中国实验方剂学杂志,2019,25(5):68-72.

    • [19] Barak V,Kalickman I,Pe’er J.sIL-2R-an immuno-biomarker for prediction of metastases in uveal melanoma[J].Anticancer Res,2022,42(3):1447-1453.

    • [20] Cruceriu D,Baldasici O,Balacescu O,et al.The dual role of tumor necrosis factor-alpha(TNF-α)in breast cancer:molecular insights and therapeutic approaches[J].Cell Oncol,2020,43(1):1-18.

    • [21] 高丽萍.人参养荣汤对气阴两虚型肺癌化疗患者免疫功能的影响[J].实用心脑肺血管病杂志,2018,26(3):132-134.

表1 两组患者一般资料比较

表2 两组患者KPS和SF-36评分比较

表3 两组患者免疫指标比较

表4 两组患者血清白蛋白、白细胞、中性粒细胞、血小板水平比较

表5 两组患者毒副反应发生率比较 [n(%)]

表6 两组临床疗效比较[n(%)]

图表 1/1

  • 参考文献

    • [1] Bade BC,Dela Cruz CS.Lung cancer 2020:epidemiology,etiology,and prevention[J].Clin Chest Med,2020,41(1):1-24.

    • [2] Wang YW,Zou SY,Zhao ZY,et al.New insights into small-cell lung cancer development and therapy[J].Cell Biol Int,2020,44(8):1564-1576.

    • [3] Weiss J,Goldschmidt J,Andric Z,et al.Effects of trilaciclib on chemotherapy-induced myelosuppression and patient-reported outcomes in patients with extensive-stage small cell lung cancer:pooled results from three phase II randomized,double-blind,placebo-controlled studies[J].Clin Lung Cancer,2021,22(5):449-460.

    • [4] Daniel D,Kuchava V,Bondarenko I,et al.Trilaciclib prior to chemotherapy and atezolizumab in patients with newly diagnosed extensive-stage small cell lung cancer:a multicentre,randomised,double-blind,placebo-controlled Phase II trial[J].Int J Cancer,2020,148(10):2557-2570.

    • [5] Weiss JM,Csoszi T,Maglakelidze M,et al.Myelopreservation with the CDK4/6 inhibitor trilaciclib in patients with small-cell lung cancer receiving first-line chemotherapy:a phase Ib/randomized phase II trial[J].Ann Oncol,2019,30(10):1613-1621.

    • [6] Xiang YN,Guo ZM,Zhu PF,et al.Traditional Chinese medicine as a cancer treatment:modern perspectives of ancient but advanced science[J].Cancer Med,2019,8(5):1958-1975.

    • [7] Su XL,Wang JW,Che H,et al.Clinical application and mechanism of traditional Chinese medicine in treatment of lung cancer[J].Chin Med J,2020,133(24):2987-2997.

    • [8] Frappaz D,Bonneville-Levard A,Ricard D,et al.Assessment of Karnofsky(KPS)and WHO(WHO-PS)performance scores in brain tumour patients:the role of clinician bias[J].Support Care Cancer,2021,29(4):1883-1891.

    • [9] Bunevicius A.Reliability and validity of the SF-36 Health Survey Questionnaire in patients with brain tumors:a cross-sectional study[J].Health Qual Life Outcomes,2017,15(1):92.

    • [10] Seymour L,Bogaerts J,Perrone A,et al.iRECIST:guidelines for response criteria for use in trials testing immunotherapeutics[J].Lancet Oncol,2017,18(3):e143-e152.

    • [11] Morimoto K,Yamada T,Yokoi T,et al.Clinical impact of pembrolizumab combined with chemotherapy in elderly patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer[J].Lung Cancer,2021,161:26-33.

    • [12] Alexander M,Kim SY,Cheng HY.Update 2020:management of non-small cell lung cancer[J].Lung,2020,198(6):897-907.

    • [13] Xu XQ,Deng WQ,Wang DY,et al.Chinese medicine treatment prolonged survival in small cell lung cancer patients:a clinical observation[J].Chin J Integr Med,2021,27(7):496-501.

    • [14] Liang SX,Li Y,Zhang XG,et al.Molecular evidence of compound Kushen injection against lung cancer:a network pharmacology-based investigation from western medicine to traditional medicine[J].Anticancer Agents Med Chem,2021,21(15):2012-2022.

    • [15] 周岩,田乃菊,张法英,等.益气养阴汤辅助盐酸埃克替尼片治疗晚期非小细胞肺癌气阴两虚证患者癌因性疲乏疗效及对生活质量影响[J].中国中医药信息杂志,2020,27(2):13-17.

    • [16] 郭鹏,骆莹滨,许荣忠,等.扶正祛邪方辅助多西他塞联合顺铂化疗干预中晚期肺癌合并高脂血症的效果及机制[J].辽宁中医杂志,2020,47(12):136-139.

    • [17] 刘艳红,葛利越,杨静,等.人参养荣汤联合穴位敷贴及耳穴贴压改善胃癌化疗患者睡眠质量及生活质量价值研究[J].四川中医,2019,37(5):108-111.

    • [18] 文丽芳,丁洁.加味人参养荣汤联合化疗对宫颈癌患者血清肿瘤标志物,Th1/Th2型细胞因子表达水平的影响[J].中国实验方剂学杂志,2019,25(5):68-72.

    • [19] Barak V,Kalickman I,Pe’er J.sIL-2R-an immuno-biomarker for prediction of metastases in uveal melanoma[J].Anticancer Res,2022,42(3):1447-1453.

    • [20] Cruceriu D,Baldasici O,Balacescu O,et al.The dual role of tumor necrosis factor-alpha(TNF-α)in breast cancer:molecular insights and therapeutic approaches[J].Cell Oncol,2020,43(1):1-18.

    • [21] 高丽萍.人参养荣汤对气阴两虚型肺癌化疗患者免疫功能的影响[J].实用心脑肺血管病杂志,2018,26(3):132-134.

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