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动脉硬化性闭塞症(arteriosclerosis obliterans,ASO)是由于管腔狭窄、血管闭塞引起血流量减少或中断的一种常见的外周血管疾病,具有高致残率和死亡率的特点。据统计,在我国45岁以上的人群中,ASO患者占6.6%,且随着年龄的增长,ASO的患病率逐渐增加[1]。因缺血程度不同,轻则表现为麻木、低温、色白等症状,重则会导致间歇性跛行、静息痛、足部溃疡或坏疽,甚至危及患者生命。
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细胞焦亡(pyroptosis)即炎症性坏死,是一种介于坏死和凋亡之间的程序性细胞死亡模式,兼具二者的特征[2]。焦亡细胞中的NOD样受体热蛋白结构域相关蛋白3(nod-like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein 3,NLRP3)是动脉粥样硬化形成的炎性标志物,能激活caspase-1引起强烈的炎症反应[3-4]。研究发现在内皮细胞中可通过NLRP3介导的细胞焦亡参与动脉粥样硬化早期过程,内皮通透性下降、释放炎性因子又能进一步引起泡沫细胞堆积,促进ASO病程[5-7]。因此,进一步阐明细胞焦亡在ASO形成中的机制和具体作用靶点,可为寻找不良反应少、治疗效果显著的ASO新药提供新思路。
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微小RNA(microRNA,miRNA)是长度为20~25个核苷酸,高度保守的单链非编码RNA分子,在高血压、动脉粥样硬化以及癌症等多种疾病的发生发展过程中发挥了重要的作用[8-9]。miRNAs能够通过碱基互补配对方式识别mRNA,具有反义抑制mRNA的3'非翻译区沉默基因表达、调控细胞增殖、凋亡以及迁移的作用[10]。近年研究发现,miRNAs能通过调节caspase-1、NLRP3、膜穿孔蛋白Gasdermin-D(GSDMD)等分子影响细胞焦亡进程[11]。而此前已有研究证明miRNAs也可通过影响内皮功能[12]、调节血管平滑肌细胞迁移[13]等方式参与动脉粥样硬化发展过程。因此本文将从miRNA、细胞焦亡两方面着手,总结二者在ASO中的研究进展,为进一步研究ASO发病机制提供理论依据,为创新药物的研发提供新思路。
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1 细胞焦亡在动脉硬化闭塞症中的研究进展
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1.1 经典途径
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由caspase-1诱导产生炎症小体NLRP3激活的细胞焦亡途径被称作经典途径。细胞受到病原体损害或ROS损伤时能激活胞质中特定的模式识别受体(pattern recognition receptors,PRRs)包括:Toll样(toll-like receptors,TLRs)、核苷酸结合域(nucleotide-binding domain,NBD)和NOD样(nod-like receptors,NLRs)以及黑色素瘤缺乏因子类(absent in melanoma,AIMs)[14]。同时衔接蛋白(apoptosis-associated speck-like protein,ASC)发生聚集,募集pro-caspase-1与激活的PRRs衔接形成炎性小体,导致相邻的pro-caspase-1自剪、水解,活化形成caspase-1[15-16]。caspase-1激活并介导细胞释放白细胞介素(IL)-18和IL-1β,同时还能切割膜穿孔蛋白GSDMD,使GSDMD亲脂性N末端断裂,在细胞膜上形成孔道,引起细胞内渗透压改变,细胞肿胀至裂解发生焦亡,释放促炎因子,加剧炎症反应[17-18]。现已有研究表明,粥样硬化斑块与内皮细胞、平滑肌细胞发生caspase-1和NLRP3诱导的焦亡有关。焦亡导致血管通透性增加,募集、激活单核细胞和巨噬细胞,引起局部脂质沉积、斑块稳定性下降,进而导致ASO发生发展[19]。
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1.2 非经典途径
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非经典途径激活的细胞焦亡途径不同于经典途径,该途径是通过细胞中caspase-4/5/11直接识别并结合脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)后,启动信号级联反应使促炎因子IL-1β转录[20],同时caspase-4/5/11发生寡聚化被激活后,能对GSDMD进行切割,产生N端结构域致使细胞膜出现孔洞,破坏胞内渗透压,胞内物质持续外流,最终引起细胞焦亡[21]。有研究发现由caspase-11介导的细胞焦亡可影响由于微生物感染或内皮破损等刺激导致的疾病,特别是具有明显炎症特征的疾病如动脉粥样硬化、缺血再灌注损伤等发生[22]。
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2 miRNAs在动脉硬化闭塞中的研究进展
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2.1 miRNAs调控内皮细胞影响动脉硬化闭塞进程
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内皮细胞(endothelial cells,ECs)是覆盖在血管内表面的单层细胞,内皮细胞通过增殖可发挥修复血管损伤,防止动脉斑块的进一步发展的作用。目前已逐渐证明miRNAs具有调节ECs增殖的作用,特别是miR-126。研究发现miR126-5p敲除小鼠存在内皮修复功能受阻的问题,这是因为miR-126-5p具有抑制跨膜蛋白delta-like(DLL1),促进内皮细胞增殖的功能[23-24]。miR-126-5p还能通过抑制caspase-3 p17亚基二聚化来阻止细胞发生凋亡,从而达到保护内皮细胞的目的[25]。除此之外,miR-181-5p和miR-181-3p可分别通过结合转化生长因子-β活化激酶1(transforming growth factor β-activated kinase1,TAK1)的连接蛋白(transforming growth factor β-activated kinase1-binding protein 2,TAB2)和核因子κB(nuclearfactorkappa-B,NF-кB)基因调节体,产生协同抑制NF-кB信号通路的作用,减轻血管炎症并延缓动脉粥样硬化[26]。miR-155则可通过靶向抑制肌球蛋白轻链激酶(myosin light chain kinase,MLCK)来防止内皮细胞通透性升高,从而减缓动脉粥样硬化发展,发挥血管保护作用[24]。
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2.2 miRNAs调控血管平滑肌细胞影响动脉硬化闭塞进程
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血管平滑肌细胞(vascular smooth muscle cells,VSMCs)的异常增殖、迁移或表型转换都会引起管壁增厚乃至管腔狭窄闭塞等问题,对血栓形成、ASO发展具有促进作用[27]。目前,研究发现一些miRNAs可通过调节VSMCs的迁移和表型转变,进而促进AS的发生。研究表明,通过抑制miR-4463的表达水平,激活JNK信号通路,进而促进VSMCs发生迁移和细胞骨架变化,促进AS的发生发展[28]。而miR-21则可通过激活AKT和ERK1/2信号通路,抑制肌动蛋白丝收缩,进而促进VSMCs迁移,促进AS的形成[29]。亦有研究表明,在AS病理条件下,血管平滑肌细胞中的miR-338-3p表达量发生上调,可引起α-平滑肌肌动蛋白(alpha-smooth muscle actin,α-SMA)水平下降,促使VSMCs由收缩型向合成型转变,进一步促进了AS发展[30]。而在AS影响下,血浆中的miR-141-5p表达减少,会引起下游高迁移率族蛋白B1的表达量上调,NF-κB通路活化,使VSMCs细胞凋亡受到抑制,同时促进VSMCs迁移,加重AS病情[31]。
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2.3 miRNAs调控巨噬细胞炎性反应影响动脉硬化闭塞进程
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动脉壁中的巨噬细胞由于过度吞噬极低密度脂蛋白而形成泡沫细胞,同时在促炎因子的作用下继续聚集、沉积,导致动脉粥样硬化斑块面积不断增大,加快了AS形成与发展[32]。miRNAs可通过调控巨噬细胞胆固醇代谢来参与动脉粥样硬化的发生发展。研究表明,miRNA-33可负向调控巨噬细胞上具有逆向转运胆固醇并形成高密度脂蛋白(high-density lipoprotein,HDL)的ATP结合盒转运蛋白A1(recombinant ATP Binding Cassette Transporter A1,ABCA1)的表达,进而防止巨噬细胞因胆固醇过度积累转化为泡沫细胞,抑制AS的发生发展[33]。同时,亦有研究表明,miR-144可下调ABCA1的表达,进而抑制胆固醇的外排速度,降低HDL的表达水平,促进动脉粥样硬化发展[34]。除此之外,miRNAs也可通过调节巨噬细胞炎症反应,进而影响AS发展。研究表明,miR-155受促炎因子与氧化型低密度脂蛋白(oxidized low density lipoprotein,ox-LDL)影响,表达量上调,可靶向抑制巨噬细胞内细胞因子信号传导抑制蛋白1(auppressor of cytokine signaling1,SOCS1)的表达,进而激活NF-κB信号传导通路,从而增强炎症反应,加快了AS进程[35-36]。
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3 miRNAs介导的细胞焦亡在动脉硬化闭塞症中的研究进展
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近年来,诸多研究发现,miRNAs通过介导细胞焦亡,参与ASO发生和发展。如Wang等[37]发现ox-LDL能够下调内皮细胞中miR-233表达,激活NLRP3炎性小体,促进caspase-1和GSDMD的活化,进而导致内皮细胞发生焦亡,释放促炎因子,引起局部炎症,促进AS的形成。Li等[38]则发现miR-30c-5p能抑制NOD样模式识别受体活化,抑制NLRP3炎性小体和caspase-1信号通路活化,抑制内皮细胞焦亡,进而发挥抑制AS发生发展。Yao等[39]发现miRNA let-7在TNF-α诱导ApoE-/-小鼠内皮细胞焦亡、释放IL-1β中起到了重要的作用。TNF-α能够减少沉默配型信息调节蛋白(silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog,sirtuin)家族成员Sirt6蛋白的表达,引起let-7家族表达水平下调,使得胞内NF-кB信号通路发生活化,导致血管内皮细胞发生焦亡作用,最终加快动脉粥样硬化形成。此外,亦有研究发现,miR-125a-5p表达上调可负调控DNA去甲基化酶的表达,引起线粒体功能障碍,促进胞内ROS水平的上调,激活caspase-1经典焦亡途径,促进AS的发生[40]。Ge等[41]通过双荧光素报告酶等试验证明暴露在ox-LDL中的人主动脉内皮细胞,其miR-635的表达受到抑制,内皮功能受损,使得胞内NLRP3水平升高,caspase-1与GSDMD蛋白表达增加,导致细胞发生焦亡、炎性因子释放,促进AS形成。而在针对衰老的研究中也意外的发现其中一些药物具有抑制AS、治疗ASO的作用,如褪黑素被发现在内皮细胞中可产生抗动脉粥样硬化的作用,其作用机制主要是通过miR-223/NLRP3轴介导,抑制主动脉内皮细胞中NF-кB/GSDMD信号通路来改善AS状况[42]。综上,miRNAs可通过不同途径引起细胞焦亡从而发挥调节AS形成、参与ASO发展的作用。据此可见,靶向miRNAs调控细胞焦亡进行ASO相关的治疗机制与药物的研究也并非望空扑影。
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4 结语与展望
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近年来,随着生活压力的增加、人口老龄化现象的加剧,ASO的发病率呈现逐年增加的趋势。目前临床针对ASO有植入支架、药物涂层球囊等腔内治疗手段,且随着技术发展,腔内治疗通过结合准分子激光粥样带切除术以及Rotarex机械血栓切除术等方法可一定程度上降低手术并发症,降低术后再狭窄率,但仍然无法处理陈旧血栓与内膜增生等问题[43-45]。因此,越来越多的临床、基础研究工作者意识到早期发现、及时治疗的重要性。细胞焦亡是伴随着炎症反应发生的,不同于细胞凋亡的一种特殊的细胞死亡方式,与ASO发展、形成的慢性炎症机制具有相似之处,且研究表明焦亡相关基因的水平与斑块面积、斑块不稳定性呈正相关性[46-47]。同时,亦有研究指出,miRNAs类似物或抑制剂可作为药物,达到靶向缓解或治疗ASO的作用[48-49]。但针对miRNAs介导细胞焦亡在ASO发展过程中的作用研究却寥寥无几。因此,本文针对miRNAs介导的细胞焦亡在动脉硬化闭塞症发展中的作用机制研究进行了简要概括,望对ASO发病机制的研究及新药研发提供新方向。
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摘要
动脉硬化闭塞症(ASO)是老年人群易患的一种外周血管疾病,具有高发病率、高致残率和高死亡率的特点。目前诸多研究已表明细胞焦亡、微小RNA(miRNAs)在ASO发病过程中起重要作用,但关于细胞焦亡与miRNAs的相关性尚未见系统性总结。该文从细胞焦亡、miRNAs角度出发,阐明二者在ASO发病过程中的作用,以期为miRNAs介导细胞焦亡在ASO发病过程中的机制研究奠定理论基础。