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通讯作者:

曾宪铁,E-mail:zengxiantie@163.com

中图分类号:R681

文献标识码:A

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1007-6948.2023.03.024

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目录contents

    摘要

    随着化学合成技术的发展,将抗骨质疏松药物纳入组织工程支架,用于促进骨质疏松骨缺损骨再生已成为当今研究的热点。骨质疏松症属于代谢性疾病的典型代表,传统上使用全身药物治疗和骨移植物,但都存在一定的局限性,近年来有研究认为支架植入与局部药物递送相结合能促进骨质疏松骨缺损愈合。该文对支架植入递送局部药物在治疗骨质疏松骨缺损中的应用进行综述。

  • 骨质疏松症属于代谢性疾病的典型代表,其影响因素除年龄外,还包括绝经之后雌激素的分泌能力下降[1]。从本质上来讲,骨质疏松缘于失衡的骨改建,这会在很大程度上影响骨微结构,骨脆性愈加显著的同时,也更容易发生骨折[2-3],往往会带来严重骨缺损,这一问题的存在是骨科手术当前的一大挑战[4]。有关研究指出,在骨愈合方面,骨质疏松骨缺损会出现明显的延迟愈合[5-6]。近年来,通过将生物活性材料与物质递送至局部骨缺损的部位,来促进骨改建和骨整合的进一步改善和增强,成为临床治疗骨质疏松骨缺损的一个重要思路。由此,本文围绕骨质疏松骨缺损治疗中植入支架与药物局部递送的应用进展进行综述。

  • 1 骨质疏松骨缺损的愈合

  • 近年来,骨质疏松骨缺损的发病率不断提升,其定义是指骨质疏松症患者骨的完整性遭到破坏,容易发生骨质且伴有骨缺损。临床上对于骨缺损的修复方面,自体骨移植是公认的金标准[7],但其依然在多个方面受限,诸如有限的骨来源、较高的供区感染率等。基于这一现实情况,通过对新骨替代物的制备来形成对骨再生的刺激和促进骨改建获得进一步改善就很有必要,由此,在骨质疏松骨缺损的修复方面,植入生物活性支架的方法就应运而生。

  • 当前,在骨缺损修复领域对于骨组织工程支架的植入已发展成一种主流方法,以理想支架所具备的特性作为依据,来对复合材料支架进行制备,在骨缺损修复方面颇具成效。但处于骨质疏松的状况之下,失衡的骨改建不但增加了骨修复的难度,且受到损伤的骨微结构也易造成支架松动、移位情况的发生。就骨缺损而言,加速其骨整合的两个关键点在于对失衡骨改建的有效改善并促进支架的进一步增强[8-10]。此外,局部递送药物亦属于支架设计当中十分关键的环节,由支架来充当缓释平台,面对骨缺损依靠对生物活性物质的局部释放来达到加速骨再生的目的。

  • 2 骨组织工程支架的材料特性

  • 骨组织工程支架材料的种类主要分为有机高分子材料、无机材料和复合材料,其中有机高分子材料又分为天然和人工合成两种类型,比如壳聚糖、脱钙骨基质和胶原都属于这种材料;无机材料的应用主要是以羟基磷灰石、磷酸三钙和金属合金为代表,应用广泛,能更加有效地提供力学支持;复合材料主要是多种材料复合制造的支架,有着更加全面的性能,更有利于细胞黏附[11]。理想的骨组织工程支架要具备以下要求:无毒性、无免疫原性、生物相容性、生物降解性、生物活性并且有一定的智能度,同时兼具仿生、高孔隙率、孔隙互通、表面活性、适合的形状等特性。

  • 3 支架植入与局部药物递送治疗骨质疏松骨缺损的相关研究

  • 骨组织工程支架的应用特点主要分为4个方向:抑制骨吸收、促血管再生、促进宿主骨整合、成骨分化促进骨再生,而4个不同的作用机制与工程支架的特性有关。骨质疏松骨缺损的支架不仅需要满足一般骨组织工程支架要求,还需要更佳的骨整合能力来应对骨质疏松状态下较差的骨质量。

  • 3.1 良好的生物相容性促进细胞黏附增殖以修复骨缺损

  • 良好的生物相容性就是能够支持甚至有利于骨形成过程中相关的细胞黏附、增殖等,并无毒、无抗原性,这样就不会为体内排斥反应的形成提供条件。

  • 近年来,骨组织工程支架复合间充质干细胞为骨质疏松骨缺损治疗提供了有效的解决途径。将间充质干细胞介导治疗用于促进生理愈合能力低下机体的骨再生[12],结合良好生物相容性组织工程的支架,能够为骨缺损修复相关细胞的附着、增殖和发挥功能提供一个有利的局部微环境,促进骨缺损愈合的同时不引起多余的不良反应。

  • 有研究将搭载骨髓间充质干细胞的纤维蛋白胶三维生物支架植入骨质疏松大鼠股骨远端5 mm局限性骨缺损处,结果表明无毒的纤维蛋白胶支架搭载骨髓间充质干细胞,可诱导骨髓间充质干细胞向成骨细胞系分化,明显促进股骨远端骨缺损的再生[13]。Wang等[14]将骨髓间充质干细胞在体外成骨诱导培养之后复合脱钙骨基质支架(decalcified bonematrix,DBM),并植入骨质疏松性家兔桡骨中段骨缺损中,经X线、Micro-CT和组织形态学检查结果显示,脱钙骨基质支架复合骨髓间充质干细胞治疗组形成了致密的骨组织,对骨缺损产生了较好的修复效果,免疫组化结果表明缺损处成骨活性增强,与单纯支架治疗相比显著提高了骨再生。此外,间充质干细胞来源的外泌体可促进去卵巢来源骨髓间充质干细胞的增殖和成骨分化,复合β-磷酸三钙支架通过促进血管生成和成骨加速骨质疏松骨缺损愈合[15]。在骨质疏松骨缺损动物模型中,β-磷酸三钙支架与自体浓缩骨髓间充质干细胞复合体或煅烧骨包裹同种异体骨髓间充质干细胞复合体都具有加速骨再生的能力[16-17]。将β-磷酸三钙搭载骨质疏松家兔自体脂肪间充质干细胞植入胫骨骨缺损中,研究表明搭载干细胞的复合支架比单独β-磷酸三钙支架有更好的骨修复能力,且新生骨具有更好的力学性能[18]

  • 3.2 合适的生物降解速率、力学强度和可塑性促进骨整合

  • 支架的降解速率应与骨组织再生速率相协调,材料降解时间应能根据骨组织再生情况进行有效调控;可塑性是指支架便于加工成与骨缺损相匹配的形状。

  • 2005年,有研究者将骨形态发生蛋白2(BMP-2)涂层的羟基磷灰石钛支架植入骨质疏松山羊胫骨,为期20周的观察表明BMP-2能够促进骨形成,改善骨的力学性能,促进骨质疏松骨缺损的骨整合[19]。Li等[20]制备了明胶微球包载BMP-2与磷酸钙的一种可注射复合材料,将其用于修复去卵巢山羊椎体骨缺损,结果显示早期(45 d)BMP-2缓释体系具有更快的骨形成速度与更好的力学强度,但长期(140 d)力学强度明显优于对照组。

  • 也有研究者认为,介孔生物玻璃/丝蛋白结合治疗骨质疏松骨缺损效果较好,因为该类型支架拥有较好的可塑性,其优异的生物降解速率能够提高局部药物的递送率。Wang等[21]对于介孔生物活性玻璃支架的制备是依靠对粉末加工技术的应用和氨基修饰完成的,之后引入局部递送设计由其充当阿仓膦酸盐药物递送系统,经体外实验已经证实,氨基修饰的方法促进了阿仓膦酸盐的量与递送率的大幅提升,且这一支架上阿仓膦酸盐的负载与释放均处于高效状态,在修复骨质疏松骨缺损方面发挥了积极的促进作用。

  • 磷酸钙骨水泥是降解活性和成骨活性的无机材料,是一种良好的骨充填材料[22-25]。Li等[26]借助局部递送设计的方式在磷酸钙骨水泥当中添加了硒,完成了对生物陶瓷复合支架的制作,然后在大鼠模型中植入这一支架,结果发现该支架对于股骨缺损的修复具有促进作用,该复合支架不仅表现出了优秀的空间结构,还在机械性能方面得到显著提升,且体内实验证实植入该支架大幅加速了骨质疏松骨缺损处骨再生的进程。

  • Lim等[27]选择骨化三醇固定于双相磷酸钙支架中,以形成更强的成骨能力,然后引入表面修饰设计,通过在支架上涂覆羟基磷灰石/壳聚糖多层膜的方式,使得支架本身的细胞相容性得到了进一步提升;且大鼠实验显示,该支架对于骨质疏松骨缺损处的骨再生有显著的促进作用。

  • 3.3 表面活性和孔隙结构抑制骨吸收,促血管再生

  • 支架应具有多孔结构,高孔隙率内部表面积大,这样有利于营养物质的进入、骨组织的长入以及代谢产物的排出[28-29]

  • 锶是一种碱土金属,目前用于治疗骨质疏松症的锶类药物主要是雷奈酸锶[30]。锶对抑制骨吸收有明显作用,近年来的研究表明锶还有一定的成骨能力。有研究发现,经唑来膦酸盐和锶修饰过的泡沫铁支架可促进骨质疏松性骨折愈合,该复合体通过上调BMP-2表达抑制受体激活NF-κB配体/骨保护素表达来促进成骨、抑制破骨活性[31]

  • 淫羊藿苷具有促进骨形成、抑制骨吸收的作用[32]。Wu等[33]构建了含淫羊藿苷的磷酸钙骨水泥支架,并在去卵巢大鼠体内评估复合材料的成骨和成血管能力,结果表明淫羊藿苷能上调骨髓间充质干细胞成骨和成血管基因的表达,破骨细胞的形成受到抑制,磷酸钙骨水泥可作为淫羊藿苷合适的缓释系统来促进骨质疏松骨缺损内骨与血管的再生。

  • 另外还有一些支架因为表面活性和孔隙结构能够抑制骨吸收,促进骨再生。Guo[34]等人用胶原海绵支架结合伊班膦酸钠进行实验研究,将大鼠去卵巢后造成股骨骨折模型,发现两者可改善去卵巢大鼠股骨骨折愈合速度和质量。Kim[35]等采用胶原海绵支架和阿伦磷酸盐结合,体外研究显示阿伦膦酸盐从纤维蛋白凝胶中持续释放,在纤维蛋白/阿伦膦酸盐凝胶中培养的人骨髓间质干细胞(hMSCs)增殖和成骨分化中明显增强。此外,显微计算机断层扫描和组织学分析显示,植入纤维蛋白/阿伦膦酸盐凝胶后,新生骨明显增强,表明纤维蛋白/阿伦膦酸盐有促进骨再生的潜力。Zeng等[36]采用交联的方式完成了对胶原蛋白-阿仓膦酸盐复合支架的制作,分别进行体外和体内实验,结果显示该支架能使阿仑膦酸持续释放,长达1个月,且该支架对于骨质疏松骨缺损状况下的骨再生能够提供明显的助力。

  • 3 结论

  • 骨质疏松骨缺损的骨质量和骨愈合能力较差,故其适用的支架既要符合骨组织工程支架的系列要求,还应在骨整合上有着优秀的能力表现。支架植入与局部药物递送结合可以加速骨再生,降低全身不良反应的发生率,更好地促进骨整合效果,为临床治疗骨质疏松骨缺损提供了新方法。

  • 参考文献

    • [1] Aspray TJ,Hill TR.Osteoporosis and the ageing skeleton//Subcellular Biochemistry[M].Singapore:Springer Singapore,2019:453-476.

    • [2] 贺丽英,孙蕴,要文娟,等.2010—2016年中国老年人骨质疏松症患病率Meta分析[J].中国骨质疏松杂志,2016,22(12):1590-1596.

    • [3] 中华医学会骨质疏松和骨矿盐疾病分会.原发性骨质疏松症诊疗指南(2017)[J].中华骨质疏松和骨矿盐疾病杂志,2017,10(5):413-444.

    • [4] 王钊,闫石.应用Masquelet技术治疗大段骨缺损减少自体骨用量的可能性[J].中国组织工程研究,2020,24(24):3862-3869.

    • [5] Rajan RK,Chandran S,Sreelatha HV,et al.Pamidronate-encapsulated electrospun polycaprolactone-based composite scaffolds for osteoporotic bone defect repair[J].ACS Appl Bio Mater,2020,3(4):1924-1933.

    • [6] Zhao R,Shang T,Yuan B,et al.Osteoporotic bone recovery by a bamboo-structured bioceramic with controlled release of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles[J].Bioact Mater,2022,17:379-393.

    • [7] Oezel L,Büren C,Scholz AO,et al.Effect of antibiotic infused calcium sulfate/hydroxyapatite(CAS/HA)insets on implant-associated osteitis in a femur fracture model in mice[J].PLoS One,2019,14(3):e0213590.

    • [8] Kołodziejska B,Stępień N,Kolmas J.The influence of strontium on bone tissue metabolism and its application in osteoporosis treatment[J].Int J Mol Sci,2021,22(12):6564.

    • [9] Rumian Ł,Wolf-Brandstetter C,Rößler S,et al.Sodium alendronate loaded poly(l-lactde-co-glycolide)microparticles immobilized on ceramic scaffolds for local treatment of bone defects[J].Regen Biomater,2020,7(3):293-302.

    • [10] Tang Q,Hu ZC,Jin HM,et al.Microporous polysaccharide multilayer coated BCP composite scaffolds with immobilised calcitriol promote osteoporotic bone regeneration both in vitro and in vivo[J].Theranostics,2019,9(4):1125-1143.

    • [11] 何春耒,王大平,马经野.骨组织工程支架材料的种类及发展趋势[J].中国组织工程研究与临床康复,2009,13(25):4905-4908.

    • [12] Vilquin JT,Rosset P.Mesenchymal stem cells in bone and cartilage repair:current status[J].Regen Med,2006,1(4):589-604.

    • [13] Orsi PR,Landim-Alvarenga FC,Justulin LA,et al.A unique heterologous fibrin sealant(HFS)as a candidate biological scaffold for mesenchymal stem cells in osteoporotic rats[J].Stem Cell Res Ther,2017,8(1):1-14.

    • [14] Wang ZX,Chen C,Zhou Q,et al.The treatment efficacy of bone tissue engineering strategy for repairing segmental bone defects under osteoporotic conditions[J].Tissue Eng A,2015,21(17/18):2346-2355.

    • [15] Qi X,Zhang JY,Yuan H,et al.Exosomes secreted by human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived mesenchymal stem cells repair critical-sized bone defects through enhanced angiogenesis and osteogenesis in osteoporotic rats[J].Int J Biol Sci,2016,12(7):836-849.

    • [16] Cao L,Liu GW,Gan YK,et al.The use of autologous enriched bone marrow MSCs to enhance osteoporotic bone defect repair in long-term estrogen deficient goats[J].Biomaterials,2012,33(20):5076-5084.

    • [17] Liu YH,Min LG,Luo HL,et al.Integration of a calcined bovine bone and BMSC-sheet 3D scaffold and the promotion of bone regeneration in large defects[J].Biomaterials,2013,34(38):9998-10006.

    • [18] Kikuta S,Tanaka N,Kazama T,et al.Osteogenic effects of dedifferentiated fat cell transplantation in rabbit models of bone defect and ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis[J].Tissue Eng A,2013,19(15/16):1792-1802.

    • [19] Sachse A,Wagner A,Keller M,et al.Osteointegration of hydroxyapatite-titanium implants coated with nonglycosylated recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2(BMP-2)in aged sheep[J].Bone,2005,37(5):699-710.

    • [20] Li M,Liu XY,Liu XD,et al.Calcium phosphate cement with BMP-2-loaded gelatin microspheres enhances bone healing in osteoporosis:a pilot study[J].Clin Orthop Relat Res,2010,468(7):1978-1985.

    • [21] Wang X,Zeng DL,Weng WM,et al.Alendronate delivery on amino modified mesoporous bioactive glass scaffolds to enhance bone regeneration in osteoporosis rats[J].Artif Cells Nanomed Biotechnol,2018,46(sup2):171-181.

    • [22] 张圣敏,刘超.生物支架材料诱导脂肪来源干细胞成骨分化的最新热点[J].中国组织工程研究,2020,24(7):1107-1116.

    • [23] 吴浩俊,谭荣雄,何艳霞,等.磷酸钙活性人工骨与自体骨颗粒环抱式植骨治疗四肢骨不连[J].中国临床解剖学杂志,2020,38(2):202-207.

    • [24] 方心俞,张翀景,陈旸,等.多重病原感染合并髋臼严重骨缺损假体周围感染二期翻修术1例报道并文献复习[J].中华骨与关节外科杂志,2020,13(2):168-171.

    • [25] 潘凌峰,张景奎,王嘉涵,等.自体牙本质颗粒联合富血小板血浆对引导骨再生治疗牙周骨缺损的效果分析[J].中华全科医学,2020,18(2):239-242.

    • [26] Li D,Chen K,Duan L,et al.Strontium ranelate incorporated enzyme-cross-linked gelatin nanoparticle/silk fibroin aerogel for osteogenesis in OVX-induced osteoporosis[J].ACS Biomater Sci Eng,2019,5(3):1440-1451.

    • [27] Lim HK,Kwon IJ,On SW,et al.Enhanced bone regeneration in variable-type biphasic ceramic phosphate scaffolds using rhBMP-2[J].Int J Mol Sci,2021,22(21):11485.

    • [28] 梁卫东,王宏伟,王志强.不同骨组织工程支架材料的生物安全性及性能[J].中国组织工程研究与临床康复,2010,14(34):6385-6388.

    • [29] 朱伟民,王大平,熊建义.骨组织工程支架材料的生物学特性及临床应用[J].中国组织工程研究与临床康复,2007,11(48):9781-9784.

    • [30] Ray S,Thormann U,Eichelroth M,et al.Strontium and bisphosphonate coated iron foam scaffolds for osteoporotic fracture defect healing[J].Biomaterials,2018,157(2):1-16.

    • [31] Kargozar S,Lotfibakhshaiesh N,Ai J,et al.Strontium-and cobalt-substituted bioactive glasses seeded with human umbilical cord perivascular cells to promote bone regeneration via enhanced osteogenic and angiogenic activities[J].Acta Biomater,2017,58:502-514.

    • [32] Chen SH,Zheng LZ,Zhang JY,et al.A novel bone targeting delivery system carrying phytomolecule icaritin for prevention of steroid-associated osteonecrosis in rats[J].Bone,2018,106:52-60.

    • [33] Wu YQ,Cao LY,Xia LG,et al.Evaluation of osteogenesis and angiogenesis of icariin in local controlled release and systemic delivery for calvarial defect in ovariectomized rats[J].Sci Rep,2017,7(1):5077.

    • [34] Guo JL,Zhang Q,Li J,et al.Local application of an ibandronate/collagen sponge improves femoral fracture healing in ovariectomized rats[J].PLoS One,2017,12(11):e0187683.

    • [35] Kim BS,Shkembi F,Lee J.In vitro and in vivo evaluation of commercially available fibrin gel as a carrier of alendronate for bone tissue engineering[J].Biomed Res Int,2017,2017:6434169.

    • [36] Zeng YY,Zhou MR,Mou S,et al.Sustained delivery of alendronate by engineered collagen scaffold for the repair of osteoporotic bone defects and resistance to bone loss[J].J Biomed Mater Res A,2020,108(12):2460-2472.

  • 参考文献

    • [1] Aspray TJ,Hill TR.Osteoporosis and the ageing skeleton//Subcellular Biochemistry[M].Singapore:Springer Singapore,2019:453-476.

    • [2] 贺丽英,孙蕴,要文娟,等.2010—2016年中国老年人骨质疏松症患病率Meta分析[J].中国骨质疏松杂志,2016,22(12):1590-1596.

    • [3] 中华医学会骨质疏松和骨矿盐疾病分会.原发性骨质疏松症诊疗指南(2017)[J].中华骨质疏松和骨矿盐疾病杂志,2017,10(5):413-444.

    • [4] 王钊,闫石.应用Masquelet技术治疗大段骨缺损减少自体骨用量的可能性[J].中国组织工程研究,2020,24(24):3862-3869.

    • [5] Rajan RK,Chandran S,Sreelatha HV,et al.Pamidronate-encapsulated electrospun polycaprolactone-based composite scaffolds for osteoporotic bone defect repair[J].ACS Appl Bio Mater,2020,3(4):1924-1933.

    • [6] Zhao R,Shang T,Yuan B,et al.Osteoporotic bone recovery by a bamboo-structured bioceramic with controlled release of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles[J].Bioact Mater,2022,17:379-393.

    • [7] Oezel L,Büren C,Scholz AO,et al.Effect of antibiotic infused calcium sulfate/hydroxyapatite(CAS/HA)insets on implant-associated osteitis in a femur fracture model in mice[J].PLoS One,2019,14(3):e0213590.

    • [8] Kołodziejska B,Stępień N,Kolmas J.The influence of strontium on bone tissue metabolism and its application in osteoporosis treatment[J].Int J Mol Sci,2021,22(12):6564.

    • [9] Rumian Ł,Wolf-Brandstetter C,Rößler S,et al.Sodium alendronate loaded poly(l-lactde-co-glycolide)microparticles immobilized on ceramic scaffolds for local treatment of bone defects[J].Regen Biomater,2020,7(3):293-302.

    • [10] Tang Q,Hu ZC,Jin HM,et al.Microporous polysaccharide multilayer coated BCP composite scaffolds with immobilised calcitriol promote osteoporotic bone regeneration both in vitro and in vivo[J].Theranostics,2019,9(4):1125-1143.

    • [11] 何春耒,王大平,马经野.骨组织工程支架材料的种类及发展趋势[J].中国组织工程研究与临床康复,2009,13(25):4905-4908.

    • [12] Vilquin JT,Rosset P.Mesenchymal stem cells in bone and cartilage repair:current status[J].Regen Med,2006,1(4):589-604.

    • [13] Orsi PR,Landim-Alvarenga FC,Justulin LA,et al.A unique heterologous fibrin sealant(HFS)as a candidate biological scaffold for mesenchymal stem cells in osteoporotic rats[J].Stem Cell Res Ther,2017,8(1):1-14.

    • [14] Wang ZX,Chen C,Zhou Q,et al.The treatment efficacy of bone tissue engineering strategy for repairing segmental bone defects under osteoporotic conditions[J].Tissue Eng A,2015,21(17/18):2346-2355.

    • [15] Qi X,Zhang JY,Yuan H,et al.Exosomes secreted by human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived mesenchymal stem cells repair critical-sized bone defects through enhanced angiogenesis and osteogenesis in osteoporotic rats[J].Int J Biol Sci,2016,12(7):836-849.

    • [16] Cao L,Liu GW,Gan YK,et al.The use of autologous enriched bone marrow MSCs to enhance osteoporotic bone defect repair in long-term estrogen deficient goats[J].Biomaterials,2012,33(20):5076-5084.

    • [17] Liu YH,Min LG,Luo HL,et al.Integration of a calcined bovine bone and BMSC-sheet 3D scaffold and the promotion of bone regeneration in large defects[J].Biomaterials,2013,34(38):9998-10006.

    • [18] Kikuta S,Tanaka N,Kazama T,et al.Osteogenic effects of dedifferentiated fat cell transplantation in rabbit models of bone defect and ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis[J].Tissue Eng A,2013,19(15/16):1792-1802.

    • [19] Sachse A,Wagner A,Keller M,et al.Osteointegration of hydroxyapatite-titanium implants coated with nonglycosylated recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2(BMP-2)in aged sheep[J].Bone,2005,37(5):699-710.

    • [20] Li M,Liu XY,Liu XD,et al.Calcium phosphate cement with BMP-2-loaded gelatin microspheres enhances bone healing in osteoporosis:a pilot study[J].Clin Orthop Relat Res,2010,468(7):1978-1985.

    • [21] Wang X,Zeng DL,Weng WM,et al.Alendronate delivery on amino modified mesoporous bioactive glass scaffolds to enhance bone regeneration in osteoporosis rats[J].Artif Cells Nanomed Biotechnol,2018,46(sup2):171-181.

    • [22] 张圣敏,刘超.生物支架材料诱导脂肪来源干细胞成骨分化的最新热点[J].中国组织工程研究,2020,24(7):1107-1116.

    • [23] 吴浩俊,谭荣雄,何艳霞,等.磷酸钙活性人工骨与自体骨颗粒环抱式植骨治疗四肢骨不连[J].中国临床解剖学杂志,2020,38(2):202-207.

    • [24] 方心俞,张翀景,陈旸,等.多重病原感染合并髋臼严重骨缺损假体周围感染二期翻修术1例报道并文献复习[J].中华骨与关节外科杂志,2020,13(2):168-171.

    • [25] 潘凌峰,张景奎,王嘉涵,等.自体牙本质颗粒联合富血小板血浆对引导骨再生治疗牙周骨缺损的效果分析[J].中华全科医学,2020,18(2):239-242.

    • [26] Li D,Chen K,Duan L,et al.Strontium ranelate incorporated enzyme-cross-linked gelatin nanoparticle/silk fibroin aerogel for osteogenesis in OVX-induced osteoporosis[J].ACS Biomater Sci Eng,2019,5(3):1440-1451.

    • [27] Lim HK,Kwon IJ,On SW,et al.Enhanced bone regeneration in variable-type biphasic ceramic phosphate scaffolds using rhBMP-2[J].Int J Mol Sci,2021,22(21):11485.

    • [28] 梁卫东,王宏伟,王志强.不同骨组织工程支架材料的生物安全性及性能[J].中国组织工程研究与临床康复,2010,14(34):6385-6388.

    • [29] 朱伟民,王大平,熊建义.骨组织工程支架材料的生物学特性及临床应用[J].中国组织工程研究与临床康复,2007,11(48):9781-9784.

    • [30] Ray S,Thormann U,Eichelroth M,et al.Strontium and bisphosphonate coated iron foam scaffolds for osteoporotic fracture defect healing[J].Biomaterials,2018,157(2):1-16.

    • [31] Kargozar S,Lotfibakhshaiesh N,Ai J,et al.Strontium-and cobalt-substituted bioactive glasses seeded with human umbilical cord perivascular cells to promote bone regeneration via enhanced osteogenic and angiogenic activities[J].Acta Biomater,2017,58:502-514.

    • [32] Chen SH,Zheng LZ,Zhang JY,et al.A novel bone targeting delivery system carrying phytomolecule icaritin for prevention of steroid-associated osteonecrosis in rats[J].Bone,2018,106:52-60.

    • [33] Wu YQ,Cao LY,Xia LG,et al.Evaluation of osteogenesis and angiogenesis of icariin in local controlled release and systemic delivery for calvarial defect in ovariectomized rats[J].Sci Rep,2017,7(1):5077.

    • [34] Guo JL,Zhang Q,Li J,et al.Local application of an ibandronate/collagen sponge improves femoral fracture healing in ovariectomized rats[J].PLoS One,2017,12(11):e0187683.

    • [35] Kim BS,Shkembi F,Lee J.In vitro and in vivo evaluation of commercially available fibrin gel as a carrier of alendronate for bone tissue engineering[J].Biomed Res Int,2017,2017:6434169.

    • [36] Zeng YY,Zhou MR,Mou S,et al.Sustained delivery of alendronate by engineered collagen scaffold for the repair of osteoporotic bone defects and resistance to bone loss[J].J Biomed Mater Res A,2020,108(12):2460-2472.

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