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通讯作者:

张大鹏,E-mail:dapeng721115@126.com

中图分类号:R657.3;R735.7

文献标识码:A

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1007-6948.2023.03.021

参考文献 1
Yi LL,Zhang JX,Zhou SG,et al.CT and MRI studies of hepatic angiosarcoma[J].Clin Radiol,2019,74(5):406.e1-406406.e8.
参考文献 2
Wilson GC,Lluis N,Nalesnik MA,et al.Hepatic angiosarcoma:a multi-institutional,international experience with 44 cases[J].Ann Surg Oncol,2019,26(2):576-582.
参考文献 3
Averbukh LD,Mavilia MG,Einstein MM.Hepatic angiosarcoma:a challenging diagnosis[J].Cureus,2018,10(9):e3283.
参考文献 4
Millan M,Delgado A,Caicedo LA,et al.Liver Angiosarcoma:rare tumour associated with a poor prognosis,literature review and case report[J].Int J Surg Case Rep,2016,28:165-168.
参考文献 5
Chaudhary P,Bhadana U,Singh RAK,et al.Primary hepatic angiosarcoma[J].Eur J Surg Oncol EJSO,2015,41(9):1137-1143.
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Lazăr DC,Avram MF,Romoșan I,et al.Malignant hepatic vascular tumors in adults:characteristics,diagnostic difficulties and current management[J].World J Clin Oncol,2019,10(3):110-135.
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参考文献 11
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参考文献 12
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参考文献 15
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参考文献 16
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参考文献 21
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参考文献 22
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参考文献 23
Agulnik M,Yarber JL,Okuno SH,et al.An open-label,multicenter,phase II study of bevacizumab for the treatment of angiosarcoma and epithelioid hemangioendotheliomas[J].Ann Oncol,2013,24(1):257-263.
参考文献 24
Maki RG,D'Adamo DR,Keohan ML,et al.Phase II study of sorafenib in patients with metastatic or recurrent sarcomas[J].J Clin Oncol,2009,27(19):3133-3140.
参考文献 25
Kollár A,Jones RL,Stacchiotti S,et al.Pazopanib in advanced vascular sarcomas:an EORTC Soft Tissue and Bone Sarcoma Group(STBSG)retrospective analysis[J].Acta Oncol,2017,56(1):88-92.
参考文献 26
Zhang SL,Liang L,Ji Y,et al.The benefit of everolimus in recurrent/epithelioid angiosarcoma patients:case reports and literature review[J].Oncotarget,2017,8(55):95023-95029.
参考文献 27
Qiao Y,Yang JH,Liu LL,et al.Successful treatment with pazopanib plus PD-1 inhibitor and RAK cells for advanced primary hepatic angiosarcoma:a case report[J].BMC Cancer,2018,18(1):212.
参考文献 28
Fayette J,Martin E,Piperno-Neumann S,et al.Angiosarcomas,a heterogeneous group of sarcomas with specific behavior depending on primary site:a retrospective study of 161 cases[J].Ann Oncol,2007,18(12):2030-2036.
目录contents

    摘要

    原发性肝血管肉瘤(PHA)是一种罕见的内皮细胞来源的侵袭性肝脏恶性肿瘤,其临床症状无特异性,早期诊断困难,进展快、复发率高,对传统化疗和放疗耐药预后较差。手术切除是最明确的治疗方法。然而,由于肿瘤的罕见性,迄今为止没有建立治疗指南。现汇报1例PHA患者的病例资料,分享其治疗过程,并通过复习文献总结PHA的临床特点及治疗方式等,以期能加深读者对该病的认识,并为其临床治疗提供参考。

  • 1 临床资料

  • 患者,女性,64岁,主因“查体发现肝脏占位性病变4月余”入院。既往扁桃体切除术后5年,胸腺瘤切除术后3年,冠心病病史4月余。查体无明显阳性体征。实验室检查:中性粒细胞百分比为80.7%,血红蛋白为97 g/L;凝血功能:纤维蛋白原(Fbg)浓度7.47 g/L;肝肾功能正常,免疫全项和IgG4均正常;肿瘤标志物如甲胎蛋白(AFP)、癌胚抗原(CEA)、糖类抗原199(CA199)、糖类抗原125(CA125)均正常;肝炎病毒阴性。影像学检查:腹部B超提示:肝内囊实性肿物,性质待查;腹部强化CT提示:肝右叶巨大囊实性团块,边界欠清,最大截面约14.4 cm×11.5 cm,增强检查后实性部分明显强化,囊性部分未见明显强化,肝内外胆管未见明显扩张,首先考虑恶性肿瘤性病变(图1)。

  • 图1 腹部强化CT影像

  • 患者于2022年3月22日行开腹肝中叶切除+胆囊切除术,术后病理报告提示:肉眼所见:肿瘤组织界限较清,灰白灰黄,出血,囊实性,实性为主,质地稍硬,体积17 cm×12 cm×10 cm。HE染色:可见中度多形性的窦状内皮细胞。免疫组化:CD31小灶(+)、HMB-45(-)、FLI-1少(+)、F8(-)。病理诊断为软组织来源恶性肿瘤,结合HE及免疫组化提示血管肉瘤(图2)。

  • 图2 肿瘤组织HE染色及免疫组织化学法结果

  • 2 结果

  • 术后给予患者抗感染、抑酸、保肝、止痛及静脉营养支持等治疗。患者于术后第1天可下床轻微活动;术后第2天排气;术后第3天进食流质,并口服肠内营养制剂。医师根据腹引液的性状及引流量,于术后第3天至1周内逐步为其拔除腹引;患者于术后第12天恢复顺利出院。术后1个月,患者接受了免疫及分子靶向治疗,方案为PD-1抑制剂(卡瑞利珠单抗200 mg)联合抗血管生成药物(贝伐珠单抗500 mg),3周为1个疗程,患者目前已行7个疗程,未发生严重不良反应。

  • 3 讨论

  • 血管肉瘤被认为是一种来源于血管或淋巴管内皮细胞的高度恶性肿瘤。它最常见于头颈部,其次是乳房,肝脏是血管肉瘤的第五大常见部位。原发性肝血管肉瘤(primary hepatic angiosarcoma,PHA)是一种罕见但侵袭性很强的恶性肿瘤,是成人最常见的原发性肝脏恶性间质肿瘤。其发病机制,临床特征和治疗结果仅在病例报告和小样本量研究中描述[1-2]

  • 3.1 流行病学和病因

  • PHA全球每年发病例数约200例,占所有原发性肝脏恶性肿瘤的0.1%~2%,但仍被认为是第三大常见的原发性肝脏恶性肿瘤。它通常发生在老年男性中,60~70岁发病率最高。男性比女性更易感染,比例为3︰1~4︰1。然而,在儿童时期,女孩的发病率高于男孩[13-4]。大约75%的肿瘤没有已知病因,但最常见的已知病因是接触氯乙烯单体和其他工业材料、医源性接触氧化钍胶体、使用雄激素类固醇、长期摄入砷和接触镭等。也有研究表明,肿瘤与己烯雌酚、氨基甲酸酯、环磷酰胺的暴露以及口服避孕药之间存在关联[5]。由于环境暴露导致的肝血管肉瘤具有10~40年的延长潜伏期。目前暴露于环境致癌物(可能的雄激素类固醇除外)已大大减少,因此大多数PHA病例似乎是特发性的[6]。Goerlitz等[7]研究发现,职业暴露于电离辐射可能会导致PHA的发生。本例患者既往未接触过相关化学致癌物,虽有2次手术史,但目前PHA的文献报道未见有手术相关案例发生,故笔者认为此次发病特发性的可能更大。

  • 3.2 临床表现

  • PHA常表现为非特异性症状,包括右上腹痛、体重减轻、腹胀、黄疸和疲劳等,其他症状包括恶心、呕吐和发烧。体格检查可发现黄疸、腹水和肝肿大。PHA也可以是无症状的,在影像学检查时偶然被发现。本文病例为查体发现肝脏巨大占位性病变,未有明显不适症状。有部分PHA病例因自发性肿瘤破裂导致的腹腔内出血而就诊,行手术治疗后而获得诊断[8-9]。Ha等[10]报道了1例PHA表现为肝窦阻塞综合征的罕见病例,为了避免经皮肝穿出血的风险,他们通过经颈静脉肝活检的方式明确了诊断。另外,Mangla等[11]从国家癌症数据库(NCDB)中确定所有2004—2014年期间诊断为肝细胞癌(HCC)或PHA的患者,其中1/3的PHA患者在最初就诊时有远处转移,最常见的部位是肺(37.5%)、骨(28.6%)、脾(19.6%)和腹腔(8.9%)。

  • 3.3 诊断

  • 由于症状的非特异性,PHA确诊非常困难,极易误诊。与其他肝脏恶性肿瘤不同,90.2%的PHA患者AFP、CEA和CA199水平未升高,仅有41.0%的患者出现转氨酶轻度升高,说明肿瘤标志物和转氨酶对本病的诊断价值不大[12]。本病例化验检查肝功能、肿瘤标志物均正常,证实了这一观点。

  • 由于PHA的富血管特征,在放射学上很难将PHA与其他肝脏肿瘤区分开来。超声检查显示肝血管肉瘤病灶内有多个结节或孤立性肿块,由于肿瘤内有坏死或出血区域,表现为不均质回声[6]。Yi等[1]在分析了19例PHA患者的CT(11例)或MRI(8例)后发现,大部分肝血管肉瘤的CT和MRI表现比较具有特征性:肿块边界不清,密度不均,易出血,少数病例继发钙化,而增强扫描呈典型的向心不均匀强化。此外,恶性程度高的血管肉瘤不被强化;然而,很难将血管瘤与较小且均匀增强的血管肉瘤区分开来。此外,少数血管肉瘤病例强化不均匀,早期强化较快,边界清晰,与肝细胞癌鉴别困难。MRI可用于显示肿瘤的异质性、出血性及富血管性质。PHA通常呈T2高信号,向肿瘤中心方向信号不均匀,而未增强的T1信号低于周围肝实质,有时内部高信号区显示病灶内出血。弥散加权MRI检测病灶间表观弥散系数(ADC)值不同,PHA的平均ADC值略高于其他肝脏恶性肿瘤[13]。本病例入院前行PET-CT检查,结果考虑胆管细胞癌可能与病理诊断不符。Wang等[14]同样也汇报了1例FDG-PET未显示任何FDG亲和性病变,PHA的摄取与正常肝实质相似的病例,难以通过PET-CT明确诊断。但PET-CT对于明确有无远处转移意义较大。确切的诊断需要通过肝活检进行组织病理学检查。但由于其血管分布,活检后出血是PHA的主要关注点。据报道有9%的出血发生,这可以通过输血和肝动脉栓塞术来控制[15]

  • 免疫组织化学上,没有公认的PHA特异性分子标记物[16]。肿瘤对内皮因子如Ⅷ、CD31、CD34和荆豆凝集素I具有免疫反应性,证实了其血管性质。特定免疫组织化学标志物(如CD31、CD34和FⅧ-RAg)的表达对于明确诊断至关重要,这些标志物中至少有一项阳性才能诊断出PHA[17]。本病例术后病理免疫组化显示CD31阳性,与文献报道相一致。同时本研究检测到FLI-1少(+),其可作为内皮细胞标志物,敏感性及特异性优于CD31和CD34,结合大体标本及HE,故本病例诊断为PHA。Wang等[18]对24例PHA样本进行检测发现,ERG是最敏感和特异的标志物,敏感性为100%,其次是CD31(79.2%)、CD34(87.5%)和FⅧ-Rag(41.7%)。

  • 3.4 治疗和预后

  • PHA具有侵袭性的临床病程特点,延迟诊断加上PHA的侵袭性导致其预后不良,诊断后的总生存期仅为6个月,而1年、3年和5年生存率分别仅为30%、8%和5%[212]。随着医疗技术的进步,如今PHA患者的预后已得到改善。PHA最常见的死亡原因包括肝功能衰竭、弥散性血管内凝血和失血性休克。

  • 目前没有PHA最佳治疗方式的既定指南。现有的治疗方式包括手术切除、肝动脉化疗栓塞(TACE)、肝移植、化疗及靶向免疫治疗等。手术切除被认为是最佳的治疗选择,辅助化疗提供了进一步的生存获益,但证据有限。Wilson等[2]回顾性分析了44例诊断为PHA的患者。在该队列中,8例可手术切除的患者中有6例接受了R0切除,5年后只有2例接受R0切除的患者存活。接受PHA手术切除的患者中位总生存期(OS)为33.4个月,而接受局部治疗的患者中位OS为9.3个月,接受化疗的患者中位OS为7.7个月。未接受任何治疗的患者中位OS最差,为1.9个月。2022年8月,Chen等[16]报告了迄今为止文献中存活时间最长的PHA患者。该患者在14年前进行了最初的右半肝切除术,并在10年后进行了Ⅲ段节段切除术,随后对受累的边缘进行辅助放疗。至文献发表为止,影像学上没有发现进一步的复发。TACE通常是紧急出血控制的首选。另外,TACE也可作为姑息性的治疗方式[9]。由于复发率高、病情进展快,PHA行肝移植术后存活时间短,平均生存期少于7个月,因此以往研究认为PHA是肝移植的绝对禁忌[19]

  • 虽然针对PHA并无标准的化疗方案,但对于无手术指征的患者,如病情允许,行化疗可能改善预后。在Kim[20]等的研究中,3例未接受辅助治疗的患者的生存率比接受辅助治疗的患者差。基于阿霉素的方案和紫杉烷被认为是有效的,目前常用于一线或二线治疗[21]。由于PHA发病率低,导致人们对基因异常情况的了解有限,靶向治疗进展甚微。目前已知的有RAS-RAF-MAPK通路、TP53和CDKN2A/p16的基因突变[22]。血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)及其受体(VEGFR)也被发现在肿瘤中高表达,从而支持抑制血管生成的药物(如贝伐珠单抗、索拉菲尼、帕唑帕尼等)进行临床研究[23-25]。目前已取得一定的成果,如Zhang等[26]应用mTOR抑制剂依维莫司靶向抑制RAS-RAF-MAPK通路,使2例血管肉瘤患者获得了持续6~12个月的部分缓解。此外,还有较多的治疗方案被尝试,如化疗联合靶向治疗、免疫联合靶向治疗等。Qiao等[27]报告1例原发性肝血管肉瘤伴多发肝转移患者,经帕唑帕尼加程序性死亡因子-1抑制剂和RAK细胞治疗后病情稳定。尽管这只是一个病例报告,但这项研究显示了新的治疗时代的希望。据报道,PHA即使达到R0切除,仍有非常高的复发率[28],证明大多数患者存在亚临床病灶的可能,本例患者病灶较大,直径为17 cm×12 cm×10 cm,虽然能够完成肝中叶的规范切除,但预计其复发转移的风险较高,那么抗血管生成靶向和PD-1的应用有可能会为此类型患者带来益处。故本研究对本患者术后应用了免疫联合分子靶向治疗,这在国内目前未有文献报道,现已应用7个疗程,患者病情稳定,一般情况良好。

  • 综上所述,PHA是一种罕见的肝脏恶性肿瘤,由于其临床表现和影像学检查缺乏特异性,难以与其他肝脏肿瘤相鉴别,极易误诊,明确诊断依赖于病理学的免疫组化检查。PHA的预后较差,肿瘤破裂与不良预后相关。手术是主要的治疗选择,辅助化疗可以改善患者的预后。TACE主要用于治疗肿瘤破裂出血,因生存期短不推荐肝移植。靶免治疗是一种很有前途的治疗方法,未来将会探索和尝试更多的靶向免疫治疗方案,并且能够根据肿瘤的组织病理学特征、行为、分子生物学和遗传学制定个性化的治疗方案,最终实现PHA患者的长期生存。

  • 参考文献

    • [1] Yi LL,Zhang JX,Zhou SG,et al.CT and MRI studies of hepatic angiosarcoma[J].Clin Radiol,2019,74(5):406.e1-406406.e8.

    • [2] Wilson GC,Lluis N,Nalesnik MA,et al.Hepatic angiosarcoma:a multi-institutional,international experience with 44 cases[J].Ann Surg Oncol,2019,26(2):576-582.

    • [3] Averbukh LD,Mavilia MG,Einstein MM.Hepatic angiosarcoma:a challenging diagnosis[J].Cureus,2018,10(9):e3283.

    • [4] Millan M,Delgado A,Caicedo LA,et al.Liver Angiosarcoma:rare tumour associated with a poor prognosis,literature review and case report[J].Int J Surg Case Rep,2016,28:165-168.

    • [5] Chaudhary P,Bhadana U,Singh RAK,et al.Primary hepatic angiosarcoma[J].Eur J Surg Oncol EJSO,2015,41(9):1137-1143.

    • [6] Lazăr DC,Avram MF,Romoșan I,et al.Malignant hepatic vascular tumors in adults:characteristics,diagnostic difficulties and current management[J].World J Clin Oncol,2019,10(3):110-135.

    • [7] Goerlitz DS,Blancato J,Ramesh A,et al.Somatic mutation signatures in primary liver tumors of workers exposed to ionizing radiation[J].Sci Rep,2019,9(1):18199.

    • [8] Alderuccio M,Oo J,Harisis G,et al.A ruptured 200-mm primary hepatic angiosarcoma:a case report[J].ANZ J Surg,2022,92(4):889-891.

    • [9] Kim B,Reardon R,Cross J,et al.Case report:Haemoperitoneum secondary to acute rupture of primary hepatic angiosarcoma[J].Int J Surg Case Rep,2021,84:106090.

    • [10] Ha FS,Liu H,Han T,et al.Primary hepatic angiosarcoma manifesting as hepatic sinusoidal obstruction syndrome:a case report[J].World J Gastrointest Oncol,2022,14(5):1050-1056.

    • [11] Mangla A,Cioffi G,Barnholtz-Sloan JS,et al.Treatment outcomes for primary hepatic angiosarcoma:national cancer database analysis 2004-2014[J].Curr Oncol,2022,29(5):3637-3646.

    • [12] Zeng D,Cheng JN,Gong ZH,et al.A pooled analysis of primary hepatic angiosarcoma[J].Jpn J Clin Oncol,2020,50(5):556-567.

    • [13] Ehman EC,Torbenson MS,Wells ML,et al.Hepatic tumors of vascular origin:imaging appearances[J].Abdom Radiol(NY),2018,43(8):1978-1990.

    • [14] Wang P P,Li F.Primary hepatic angiosarcoma having FDG uptake at the similar level of the normal liver parenchyma[J].Clin Nucl Med,2022,47(10):e649-e650.

    • [15] Rujeerapaiboon N,Wetwittayakhlang P.Primary hepatic angiosarcoma:a rare liver malignancy-varying manifestations but grave prognosis[J].Case Rep Gastroenterol,2020,14(1):137-149.

    • [16] Chen J,Chen N.Long-term 14-year survival with primary hepatic angiosarcoma[J].BMJ Case Rep,2022,15(8):e250856.

    • [17] Zhu YP,Chen YM,Matro E,et al.Primary hepatic angiosarcoma:a report of two cases and literature review[J].World J Gastroenterol,2015,21(19):6088-6096.

    • [18] Wang ZB,Yuan J,Chen W,et al.Transcription factor ERG is a specific and sensitive diagnostic marker for hepatic angiosarcoma[J].World J Gastroenterol,2014,20(13):3672-3679.

    • [19] Li DB,Si XY,Wan T,et al.A pooled analysis of treatment and prognosis of hepatic angiosarcoma in adults[J].Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int,2018,17(3):198-203.

    • [20] Kim SJ,Rhu J,Kim JM,et al.Surgical treatment outcomes of primary hepatic sarcomas:a single-center experience[J].World J Hepatol,2021,13(5):584-594.

    • [21] Cao J,Wang JL,He CY,et al.Angiosarcoma:a review of diagnosis and current treatment[J].Am J Cancer Res,2019,9(11):2303-2313.

    • [22] Murali R,Chandramohan R,Möller I,et al.Targeted massively parallel sequencing of angiosarcomas reveals frequent activation of the mitogen activated protein kinase pathway[J].Oncotarget,2015,6(34):36041-36052.

    • [23] Agulnik M,Yarber JL,Okuno SH,et al.An open-label,multicenter,phase II study of bevacizumab for the treatment of angiosarcoma and epithelioid hemangioendotheliomas[J].Ann Oncol,2013,24(1):257-263.

    • [24] Maki RG,D'Adamo DR,Keohan ML,et al.Phase II study of sorafenib in patients with metastatic or recurrent sarcomas[J].J Clin Oncol,2009,27(19):3133-3140.

    • [25] Kollár A,Jones RL,Stacchiotti S,et al.Pazopanib in advanced vascular sarcomas:an EORTC Soft Tissue and Bone Sarcoma Group(STBSG)retrospective analysis[J].Acta Oncol,2017,56(1):88-92.

    • [26] Zhang SL,Liang L,Ji Y,et al.The benefit of everolimus in recurrent/epithelioid angiosarcoma patients:case reports and literature review[J].Oncotarget,2017,8(55):95023-95029.

    • [27] Qiao Y,Yang JH,Liu LL,et al.Successful treatment with pazopanib plus PD-1 inhibitor and RAK cells for advanced primary hepatic angiosarcoma:a case report[J].BMC Cancer,2018,18(1):212.

    • [28] Fayette J,Martin E,Piperno-Neumann S,et al.Angiosarcomas,a heterogeneous group of sarcomas with specific behavior depending on primary site:a retrospective study of 161 cases[J].Ann Oncol,2007,18(12):2030-2036.

图1 腹部强化CT影像

图2 肿瘤组织HE染色及免疫组织化学法结果

图表 1/1

  • 参考文献

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    • [4] Millan M,Delgado A,Caicedo LA,et al.Liver Angiosarcoma:rare tumour associated with a poor prognosis,literature review and case report[J].Int J Surg Case Rep,2016,28:165-168.

    • [5] Chaudhary P,Bhadana U,Singh RAK,et al.Primary hepatic angiosarcoma[J].Eur J Surg Oncol EJSO,2015,41(9):1137-1143.

    • [6] Lazăr DC,Avram MF,Romoșan I,et al.Malignant hepatic vascular tumors in adults:characteristics,diagnostic difficulties and current management[J].World J Clin Oncol,2019,10(3):110-135.

    • [7] Goerlitz DS,Blancato J,Ramesh A,et al.Somatic mutation signatures in primary liver tumors of workers exposed to ionizing radiation[J].Sci Rep,2019,9(1):18199.

    • [8] Alderuccio M,Oo J,Harisis G,et al.A ruptured 200-mm primary hepatic angiosarcoma:a case report[J].ANZ J Surg,2022,92(4):889-891.

    • [9] Kim B,Reardon R,Cross J,et al.Case report:Haemoperitoneum secondary to acute rupture of primary hepatic angiosarcoma[J].Int J Surg Case Rep,2021,84:106090.

    • [10] Ha FS,Liu H,Han T,et al.Primary hepatic angiosarcoma manifesting as hepatic sinusoidal obstruction syndrome:a case report[J].World J Gastrointest Oncol,2022,14(5):1050-1056.

    • [11] Mangla A,Cioffi G,Barnholtz-Sloan JS,et al.Treatment outcomes for primary hepatic angiosarcoma:national cancer database analysis 2004-2014[J].Curr Oncol,2022,29(5):3637-3646.

    • [12] Zeng D,Cheng JN,Gong ZH,et al.A pooled analysis of primary hepatic angiosarcoma[J].Jpn J Clin Oncol,2020,50(5):556-567.

    • [13] Ehman EC,Torbenson MS,Wells ML,et al.Hepatic tumors of vascular origin:imaging appearances[J].Abdom Radiol(NY),2018,43(8):1978-1990.

    • [14] Wang P P,Li F.Primary hepatic angiosarcoma having FDG uptake at the similar level of the normal liver parenchyma[J].Clin Nucl Med,2022,47(10):e649-e650.

    • [15] Rujeerapaiboon N,Wetwittayakhlang P.Primary hepatic angiosarcoma:a rare liver malignancy-varying manifestations but grave prognosis[J].Case Rep Gastroenterol,2020,14(1):137-149.

    • [16] Chen J,Chen N.Long-term 14-year survival with primary hepatic angiosarcoma[J].BMJ Case Rep,2022,15(8):e250856.

    • [17] Zhu YP,Chen YM,Matro E,et al.Primary hepatic angiosarcoma:a report of two cases and literature review[J].World J Gastroenterol,2015,21(19):6088-6096.

    • [18] Wang ZB,Yuan J,Chen W,et al.Transcription factor ERG is a specific and sensitive diagnostic marker for hepatic angiosarcoma[J].World J Gastroenterol,2014,20(13):3672-3679.

    • [19] Li DB,Si XY,Wan T,et al.A pooled analysis of treatment and prognosis of hepatic angiosarcoma in adults[J].Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int,2018,17(3):198-203.

    • [20] Kim SJ,Rhu J,Kim JM,et al.Surgical treatment outcomes of primary hepatic sarcomas:a single-center experience[J].World J Hepatol,2021,13(5):584-594.

    • [21] Cao J,Wang JL,He CY,et al.Angiosarcoma:a review of diagnosis and current treatment[J].Am J Cancer Res,2019,9(11):2303-2313.

    • [22] Murali R,Chandramohan R,Möller I,et al.Targeted massively parallel sequencing of angiosarcomas reveals frequent activation of the mitogen activated protein kinase pathway[J].Oncotarget,2015,6(34):36041-36052.

    • [23] Agulnik M,Yarber JL,Okuno SH,et al.An open-label,multicenter,phase II study of bevacizumab for the treatment of angiosarcoma and epithelioid hemangioendotheliomas[J].Ann Oncol,2013,24(1):257-263.

    • [24] Maki RG,D'Adamo DR,Keohan ML,et al.Phase II study of sorafenib in patients with metastatic or recurrent sarcomas[J].J Clin Oncol,2009,27(19):3133-3140.

    • [25] Kollár A,Jones RL,Stacchiotti S,et al.Pazopanib in advanced vascular sarcomas:an EORTC Soft Tissue and Bone Sarcoma Group(STBSG)retrospective analysis[J].Acta Oncol,2017,56(1):88-92.

    • [26] Zhang SL,Liang L,Ji Y,et al.The benefit of everolimus in recurrent/epithelioid angiosarcoma patients:case reports and literature review[J].Oncotarget,2017,8(55):95023-95029.

    • [27] Qiao Y,Yang JH,Liu LL,et al.Successful treatment with pazopanib plus PD-1 inhibitor and RAK cells for advanced primary hepatic angiosarcoma:a case report[J].BMC Cancer,2018,18(1):212.

    • [28] Fayette J,Martin E,Piperno-Neumann S,et al.Angiosarcomas,a heterogeneous group of sarcomas with specific behavior depending on primary site:a retrospective study of 161 cases[J].Ann Oncol,2007,18(12):2030-2036.

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