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腰椎融合术主要用于治疗下腰痛患者的疼痛和神经症状[1]。目前,腰椎融合术主要指传统开放后路腰椎间融合术(posterior lumbar interbody fusion,PLIF),该术式需要广泛剥离椎旁肌,影响脊柱后方稳定性,并易损伤硬膜囊及神经根[2],与微创技术相比,传统开放式腰椎手术常伴有手术部位疼痛[3]。因此,需要一种现代化、破坏性小的腰椎间融合入路代替PLIF,极外侧路径下椎体间融合术(extreme lateral path interbody fusion,XLIF)就是其中一种[4],其特点是能保护背部肌肉、骨和韧带结构,可以减少手术疼痛,且术后恢复快。在后路腰椎手术中,最容易损伤椎旁肌,因为其仅由腰神经后支的内侧支支配,且分支间无交通支,术后会发生去神经改变和水肿,进而发生肌萎缩[5]。血清中肌酸激酶(creatine kinase,CK)浓度的升高可以反映肌肉损伤的严重程度,但目前关于XLIF与PLIF的疗效差别尚未明确,本研究主要比较XLIF与PLIF两种术式对肌肉损伤和血清炎症标志物的影响。
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1 资料与方法
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1.1 一般资料
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选取2020年3月至2021年12月在我院接受脊柱手术的I级和II级腰椎间盘退变、滑脱患者。纳入标准:1)既往无腰椎手术史;2)严重的腰痛和腿痛,使用塞来昔布(200 mg)保守治疗至少6个月没有明显改善;3)融合长度≤3间段;4)所有患者签署知情同意术并自愿参与研究。排除标准:1)既往有腰椎手术史;2)脊椎滑脱或脊柱畸形,或两者兼有;3)融合长度大于3间段。本研究已通过我院伦理委员会的批准(审批号:2022医伦审019)。
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根据上述标准共纳入脊柱手术患者100例,PLIF组与XLIF组各50例。PLIF组中男性22例,女性28例;年龄60~75岁,平均(69.20±4.30)岁。XLIF组中男性24例,女性26例;年龄60~74岁,平均(69.30±3.50)岁。两组患者的性别、年龄、体质量指数(body mass index,BMI)、日本骨科协会(Japanese orthopaedic association scores,JOA)评分、疼痛视觉模拟量表(visual analogue scale,VAS)评分及吸烟史差异无统计学意义,具有可比性。见表1。
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1.2 评价指标
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1)术后第1、4、7天,以及出院时和术后第90天时的VAS评分(0=无痛,10=极度痛);2)术后第1、4、7天塞来昔布消耗量;3)术前、术后第1、4、7天及术后第90天时的血清肌酸激酶(CK)、白细胞(WBC)计数和C反应蛋白(CRP)水平。
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1.3 血清CK活性测定
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采用N-Z酰半氨酸(NAC)法(试剂盒购自上海长征医学科学公司)测定血清CK活性,采用贝克曼42型分光光度计进行分析,由检验科专人负责完成。
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1.4 统计学方法
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数据用SPSS 18.0进行统计学分析。两组连续变量比较采用独立样本t检验。分类变量比较采用χ2检验。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
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2 结果
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2.1 术后VAS评分
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在术后第1、4、7天,以及出院时和术后第90天,两组VAS评分比较差异无统计学意义。见表2。
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2.2 塞来昔布药物消耗量
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术后第1、4、7天,XLIF组与PLIF组的塞来昔布消耗量比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见表3。
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2.3 两组血清标志物CK活性水平比较
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在术前,XLIF组和PLIF组血清标志物CK活性水平比较无统计学差异(P=0.646);术后第1、4、7天,XLIF组血清CK水平低于PLIF组,差异有统计学意义;但术后第90天时,两组CK活性比较无显著性差异(P=0.244)。见表4。
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注:a与PLIF组比较,P<0.05
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2.4 两组血清标志物WBC计数比较
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在术前,XLIF组和PLIF组血清标志物WBC计数比较无统计学差异(P=0.956);术后第1、4、7天,XLIF组血清WBC计数低于PLIF组,差异有统计学意义;但术后第90天时,两组WBC计数比较无显著性差异(P=0.304)。见表5。
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注:a与PLIF组比较,P<0.05
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2.5 两组血清标志物C反应蛋白水平比较
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在术前,XLIF组和PLIF组C反应蛋白水平比较无统计学差异(P=0.956);术后第1、4、7天,XLIF组血清C反应蛋白水平低于PLIF组,差异有统计学意义;但术后第90天时,两组C反应蛋白水平比较无显著性差异(P=0.822)。见表6。
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注:a与PLIF组比较,P<0.05
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3 讨论
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目前,随着退行性腰椎间盘疾病发病率逐年升高,导致其手术治疗的基数增加,退行性腰椎间盘疾病的最主要手术治疗是腰椎融合术。由于腰椎融合术能够调整和矫正椎间盘稳定性,因此出现了不同的腰椎融合术[6]。已有研究报道,腰椎融合术能显著改善腰椎间盘突出患者的许多临床症状。最新研究也表明,XLIF能在冠状面和矢状面矫正脊柱畸形,成为矫正成人脊柱畸形的主要术式,最大限度地减少腰椎融合术再手术率和术中出血量,与传统PLIF相比,XLIF作为一种微创腰椎融合术治疗退行性腰椎间盘突出的优点目前尚不清楚,大多数研究使用了比较法,只把并发症发生率、出血量和住院时间作为比较因素[7];此外,最近的研究综述也认为,与传统PLIF相比,XLIF在微创腰椎融合术中的优点,尚无有效数据支持[8]。因此,急需敏感性和特异性均较高,且检测方法简便、经济的指标支持XLIF治疗术的优点。本研究试图从VAS评分、塞来昔布药物消耗量、椎旁肌肉损伤、炎症标志物比较XLIF与传统开放PLIF手术。
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传统开放PLIF手术需要广泛的对软组织和背部肌肉剥离,需切除突出的椎间盘组织、增生韧带以及一些小关节,存在一定椎间不融合风险,这在常规腰椎融合术中被认为是有问题的[9-10]。XLIF较传统开放PLIF手术的不同点是手术入路不同,是从腹膜后腰大肌侧方入路,患者椎间盘侧方中心点为工作通道。既往研究发现,XLIF比传统开放PLIF手术能够减少手术用时时间、降低平均出血量、减少对椎旁肌肉损伤、恢复术后躯干部肌肉功能以及降低术后下腰痛的复发率,该研究表明XLIF较传统开放PLIF手术创伤更低,但难以准确对XLIF的优势进行量化[11-12]。因此临床上急需简易获得、准确性高的标志物来客观评价椎间融合术的侵袭性,炎症和肌肉损伤的血清标志物的检测为评价手术的侵袭性提供了客观的衡量标准,因此本项研究中将使用患者术前和术后血清CK活性水平评价椎旁肌肉损伤、白细胞计数和血清CRP评价炎症水平,作为评价比较传统开放PLIF与XLIF的侵袭性比较指标。
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正常情况下,人体血清中有一定量的CK,在机械性或缺血性肌肉损伤时,肌细胞内CK释放入血液中,导致血清 CK 活性升高,其升高程度取决于肌肉损伤的性质和程度。本研究结果显示,与PLIF组相比,XLIF组患者的WBC计数、血清CRP和CK水平下降更快。根据这一发现,术后3个月,XLIF组的VAS评分明显低于对照组PLIF组。相比之下,术后3个月两组之间的L-JOA评分无显著差异。结果表明,与PLIF相比,尽管两种方法都改善了患者的临床症状和体征,但XLIF可显著降低围手术期下腰痛、降低白细胞计数、血清CRP水平降低、血清CK水平也降低,进而获得了敏感性和特异性均较高,且方法简便、无创、经济的围手术期的检测指标。
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综上所述,XLIF手术有利于减少肌肉损伤,更早地恢复患者日常活动,并减少术后下腰痛的复发率。
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参考文献
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摘要
目的:比较极外侧路径下椎体间融合术(XLIF)与传统开放后路椎体间融合术(PLIF)对椎间盘突出围术期的治疗效果。方法:收集2020年3月至2021年12月在我院接受脊柱手术治疗的患者100例,其中50例行XLIF治疗术(XLIF组),50行PLIF治疗术(PLIF组),术后随访至少90天,测量并比较两组的VAS评分、塞来昔布使用量、血清肌酸激酶(CK)活性、血浆中白细胞(WBC)计数和C反应蛋白(CRP)水平。结果:在术后第1、4、7天,以及出院时和术后第90天,两组VAS评分比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);PLIF组与XLIF组塞来昔布消耗量在术后第1、4、7天比较均无统计学差异(P>0.05);在术前,XLIF组和PLIF组血清CK活性比较无统计学差异(P=0.646);术后第1、4、7天,XLIF组血清CK活性低于PLIF组,有统计学差异(P<0.05),但术后第90天时,两组血清CK活性比较无显著性差异(P=0.244);在术前,XLIF组和PLIF组血清WBC计数和C反应蛋白水平比较均无统计学差异(P>0.05),术后第1、4、7天,XLIF组血清白细胞计数和C反应蛋白水平均低于PLIF组,有统计学差异(P<0.05),但术后第90天时,两组血清白细胞计数和C反应蛋白水平比较均无统计学差异(P>0.05)。结论:与开放式PLIF手术相比,XLIF手术有利于减少肌肉损伤,从而更早地恢复日常活动,并减少术后下腰痛的复发率。
Abstract
Objective To compare the perioperative outcomes of extreme lateral interbody fusion (XLIF) and open posterior interbody fusion (PLIF) in the treatment of lumbar disc herniation. Methods A total of 100 patients who underwent spinal surgery in our hospital from March 2020 to December 2021 were collected, including 50 patients treated with XLIF (XLIF group) and 50 patients treated with PLIF (PLIF group). The patients were followed up for at least 90 days. The VAS score, dosage of celecoxib, serum creatine kinase (CK) activity, plasma white blood cell (WBC) count and C-reactive protein (CRP) level were measured and compared between the two groups. Results There was no statistically significant difference in VAS scores between the two groups at 1, 4, 7 days after operation, at discharge and 90 days after operation (P>0.05). There was no significant difference in celecoxib consumption between PLIF group and XLIF group on the 1st, 4th and 7th day after operation between the XLIF group and the PLIF group(P>0.05). On the fourth postoperative day, there was no significant difference in VAS score at 7 days, at discharge and 90 days after operation. There was no significant difference in celecoxib consumption between PLIF group and XLIF group on the 1st, 4th and 7th day after operation (P> 0.05). There was no significant difference in serum CK activity between the XLIF group and the PLIF group before operation (P=0.646). The serum CK activity in the XLIF group was significantly lower than that in the PLIF group on the 1st, 4th and 7th day after operation (P<0.05), but there was no significant difference between the two groups on the 90th day after operation (P=0.244). There was no significant difference in serum WBC count and C-reactive protein level between XLIF group and PLIF group before operation (P>0.05). On the 1st, 4th and 7th day after operation, the serum WBC count and C-reactive protein level in XLIF group were lower than those in PLIF group (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in serum white blood cell count and C-reactive protein level between the two groups (P>0.05). Conclusions Compared with PLIF, XLIF is beneficial to reduce muscle damage, which leads to earlier return to daily activities and reduce the recurrence rate of low back pain after operation.